Cryptography. and Network Security. Lecture 0. Manoj Prabhakaran. IIT Bombay
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1 Cryptography and Network Security Lecture 0 Manoj Prabhakaran IIT Bombay
2 Security In this course: Cryptography as used in network security Humans, Societies, The World Network Hardware OS Libraries Programs
3 Cryptography & Security In this course: Cryptography as used in network security Crypto Network Security
4 In the News Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on. Unfortunately, endpoint security is so terrifically weak that [the adversary] can frequently find ways around it.
5 What is Cryptography? It s all about controlling access to information A tool for enforcing policies on who can learn and/or influence information Do we know what we are talking about?
6 What is information? Rudolf Clausius Or rather the lack of it? Uncertainty Ludwig Boltzmann Claude Shannon Measured using Entropy Borrowed from thermodynamics An inherently probabilistic notion
7 What is information? Information Theory: ways to quantify information Application 1: to study efficiency of communication (compression, error-correction) Application 2: to study the possibility of secret communication The latter turned out to be a relatively easy question! Secret communication possible only if (an equally long) secret key is shared ahead of time Claude Shannon
8 Access to Information A second look Information at hand may still not be accessible if it is hard to work with it Computation! Shannon s information may reduce uncertainty only for computationally all-powerful parties
9 Computational Complexity Alan Turing A systematic study of what computationally bounded parties can and cannot do Stephen Cook A young and rich field Much known, much more unknown Much believed Leonid Levin Richard Karp Basis of the Modern Theory of Cryptography
10 Compressed Secret-Keys Impossible in the information-theoretic sense: a truly random string cannot be compressed But possible against computationally bounded players: use pseudo-random strings! Pseudo-random number generator a.k.a Stream Cipher Manuel Blum Andy Yao Generate a long string of random-looking bits from a short random seed
11 The Public-Key Revolution Non-Secret Encryption No a priori shared secrets James Ellis Malcolm Williamson Clifford Cocks Instead, a public key. Anyone can create encryptions, only the creator of the key can decrypt! Publicly verifiable digital signatures Merkle, Hellman, Diffie Forms the backbone of today s secure communication Shamir, Rivest, Adleman
12 Crypto-Mania Public-Key cryptography and beyond! Secret computation: collaboration among mutually distrusting parties Compute on distributed data, without revealing their private information to each other Compute on encrypted data And other fancy things... with sophisticated control over more complex access to information Do it all faster, better, more conveniently and more securely (or find out if one cannot). And also make sure we know what we are trying to do.
13 Turing Awards For theoretical cryptographers: (Merkle) Hellman & Diffie Turing Award 15 Goldwasser & Micali Turing Award 12 Manuel Blum Turing Award 95 Andrew Yao Turing Award 00 Shamir, Rivest & Adleman Turing Award 02
14 SSL, TSL Stream ciphers, Block ciphers Identity-Based Encryption e-cash, e-voting, Fair Exchange, Privacy Preserving Datamining,... Secure Multi-Party Computation ZK proofs Universal composition Hybrid encryption Obfuscation, Leakage resilient crypto, Imperfect randomness,... Pseudorandomness generators, PRF,... one-way functions, collision-resistant hash functions,... Secret sharing, Verifiable Secret sharing Blind signatures, Mix-nets, DC-nets,... PK Encryption, Signatures Semantic security, nonmalleability, existential unforgeability... Encryption, Authentication DES, AES, SHA, HMAC Concrete cryptanalysis (Birthday attacks, differential cryptanalysis,...) Random Oracle Model, Generic group model Signcryption Algorithms, Reductions Formal methods RSA, elliptic curve groups, lattices,... Malware, DDoS, Side-channels Independence, Indistinguishability, Infeasibility, Zero-Knowledge,...
15 In This Course (Petting the Elephant) Fundamental notions: secrecy, infeasibility Secure communication Shared-Key Public-Key Encryption SKE PKE Authentication MAC Signature Mathematical content: Some Probability A little bit of Groups and Number Theory Definitions and proofs
16 Also a Glimpse of Security Security involves many (f)actors other than crypto Crypto is a tool that when correctly used can help us greatly enhance (and understand) security
17 Network Security How to use cryptography to achieve security goals in a real-life scenario? Several new issues: More complex (often informal/ill-specified) security goals Complexity due to support for extra efficiency/backward compatibility/new features Buggy implementations (software & hardware) Gap between abstract and real-life models: side-channels Human factors, trust, identity, current and legacy technology,
18 Bigger Picture Number Theory, Algebra Information Theory Cryptography Network Security Formal Methods Complexity Theory Cryptography is just one of the tools used in information security Information Security Cryptography studies several problems which may Combinatorics, not be of immediate use in information security, but is important Graph in theory building its own foundations/in establishing links with other areas Many powerful cryptographic tools remain un(der)utilised in practice!
19 Course Logistics Lectures Attendance counts! [ 3-4 pop quizzes! 5% ] Grading: Two Quizzes (60%) One during the mid-semester exam week 3 HW assignments (15%) Course project (20%) Theory course: no programming requirement, but course project could be a programming project
20 Course Logistics Office hours when assignments are out schedule TBA Online forum: piazza.com/iitb.ac.in/spring2018/cs406 Course webpage: see cse.iitb.ac.in/~mp/teach/
21 Puzzle #1 Alice and Bob hold secret numbers x and y in {0,..,n} resp. Carol wants to learn x+y. Alice and Bob are OK with that. But they don t want Carol/each other to learn anything else! i.e., Alice should learn nothing about y, nor Bob about x. Carol shouldn t learn anything else about x,y other than x+y Can they do it, just by talking to each other (using private channels between every pair of parties)?
22 Puzzle #2 Alice and Bob hold secret bits x and y Carol wants to learn x y. Alice and Bob are OK with that. But they don t want Carol/each other to learn anything else! i.e., Alice should learn nothing about y, nor Bob about x. Carol shouldn t learn anything else about x,y other than x y Can they do it, just by talking to each other (using private channels between every pair of parties)?
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