THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

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1 SECOND EDITION THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER I. Scott MacKenzie University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario 'v ' ' Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

2 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS Introduction Terminology The Central Processing Unit Semiconductor Memory: RAM and ROM The Buses: Address, Data, and Control Input/Output Devices Mass Storage Devices Human Interface Devices Control/Monitor Devices Programs: Big and Small Micros, Minis, and Mainframes Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers Hardware Architecture Applications Instruction Set Features NewConcepts Gains and Losses: A Design Example 13 Problems 15 HARDWARE SUMMARY MCS-51 Family Overview Once Around the Pins PortO Port 1 20

3 2.2.3 Port Port PSEN (Program Store Enable) ALE (Address Latch Enable) EA (External Access) RST (Reset) On-chip Oscillator Inputs Power Connections I/O Port Structure Memory Organization General Purpose RAM Bit-addressable RAM Register Banks Special Function Registers Program Status Word B Register Stack Pointer Data Pointer Port Registers Timer Registers Serial Port Registers Interrupt Registers Power Control Register External Memory Accessing External Code Memory Accessing External Data Memory Address Decoding Overlapping the External Code and Data Spaces /8052 Enhancements Reset Operation Summary 39 Problems 40 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY Introduction Addressing Modes Register Addressing Direct Addressing Indirect Addressing Immediate Addressing Relative Addressing Absolute Addressing 48

4 3.2.7 Long Addressing Indexed Addressing Instruction Types Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Data Transfer Instructions Boolean Instructions Program Branching Instructions 55 Problems 58 4 TIMER OPERATION 4.1 Introduction Timer Mode Register (TMOD) Timer Control Register (TCON) Timer Modes and the Overflow Flag Bit Timer Mode (Mode 0) Bit Timer Mode (Mode 1) Bit Auto-Reload Mode (Mode 2) Split Timer Mode (Mode 3) Clocking Sources Interval Timing Event Counting Starting, Stopping, and Controlling the Timers Initializng and Accessing Timer Registers Reading a Timer "On the Fly" Short Intervals and Long Intervals Timer Auto-Reload Mode Capture Mode Baud Rate Generation Summary 78 Problems 79 5 SERIAL PORT OPERATION 5.1 Introduction Serial Port Control Register Modes of Operation Bit Shift Register (Mode 0) Bit UART with Variable Baud Rate (Mode 1)

5 VIII CONTENTS Bit UART with Fixed Baud Rate (Mode 2) Bit UART with Variable Baud Rate (Mode 3) Initialization and Accessing Serial Port Registers Receiver Enable The 9th Data Bit Adding a Parity Bit Interrupt Flags Multiprocessor Communications Serial Port Baud Rates Using Timer 1 as the Baud Rate Clock Summary 94 Problems 94 6 INTERRUPTS Introduction Interrupt Organization Enabling and Disabling Interrupts Interrupt Priority Polling Sequence Processing Interrupts Interrupt Vectors Program Design Using Interrupts Small Interrupt Service Routines Large Interrupt Service Routines Serial Port Interrupts External Interrupts Interrupt Timings Summary 114 Problems ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING Introduction Assembler Operation PassOne PassTwo Assembly Language Program Format Label Field Mnemonic Field Operand Field Comment Field 122

6 7.3.5 Special Assembler Symbols Indirect Address Immediate Data Data Address Bit Address Code Address Generic Jumps and Calls Assemble-Time Expression Evaluation Number Bases Character Strings Arithmetic Operators Logical Operators Special Operators Relational Operators Expression Examples Operator Precedence Assembler Dlrectives Assembler State Control Symbol Definition Storage Initialization/Reservation Program Linkage Segment Selection Directives Assembler Controls Linker Operations Annotated Example: Linking Relocatable Segments and Modules ECHO.LST IO.LST EXAMPLES.M Macros Parameter Passing Local Labels Repeat Operations Control Flow Operations 152 Problems PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND DESIGN 8.1 Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages of Structured Programming The Three Structures Statements The Loop Structure The Choice Structure 165

7 8.4 Pseudo Code Syntax Assembly Language Programming Style Labels Comments Comment Blocks Saving Registers on the Stack TheUseofEquates The Use of Subroutines Program Organization Summary 179 Problems TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Introduction The Development Cycle Software Development Hardware Development Integration and Verification Software Simulation Hardware Emulation Execution from RAM Execution from EPROM The Factor Mask Process Commands and Environments Summary 191 Problems DESIGN AND INTERFACE EXAMPLES Introduction TheSBC Hexadecimal Keypad Interface Interface to Multiple 7-Segment LEDs Loudspeaker Interface Non-Volatile RAM Interface Input/Output Expansion Analog Output Analog Input Summary 225 Problems 225

8 xi APPENDIXES A Quick Reference Chart 229 B OPCODEMap 231 C Instruction Definitions 233 D Special Function Registers 277 E 8051 Data Sheet 287 F ASCII Code Chart 303 G MON51 An 8051 Monitor Program 305 H Sources of 8051 Development Products 347 BIBLIOGRAPHY 351 INDEX 353

THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

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