ROM (read-only memory) is a type of memory that stores data even when the main computer power is off.

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1 ROM (read-only memory) is a type of memory that stores data even when the main computer power is off. This is necessary so that the system can access the data it needs to start up. When stored in ROM, information that is required to start and run the computer cannot be lost or changed. The, software in the form of programs stored on ROM chips, is used during the startup routine to check out the system and prepare to run the hardware. The system is a ROM chip on the motherboard used by the computer during the startup routine (boot process) to check out the system and prepare to run the hardware. RAM (random access memory) is what is most often referred to when PC memory is discussed. RAM is the form of volatile memory used to hold temporary instructions and data for manipulation while the system is running. The term "random" is applied because the CPU can access or place data to and from any addressable RAM on the system. If power to the system is lost, all RAM is lost as well. Usually, when referring to RAM, we are speaking of some variation of DRAM (dynamic random access memory) or the newer SDRAM (synchronous DRAM). These are the most common forms of RAM used in the modern PC.

2 The basic input/output system () is an essential component of the motherboard. This boot firmware, also known as System, is the first code run by a computer when it is booted. It prepares the machine by testing it during bootup and paves the way for the operating system to start. It tests and initializes components such as the processor, RAM, video card, magnetic disks, and optical disks. If any errors occur, the will report them as part of the testing stage, known as the power-on self test (POST). The resides on a ROM chip and stores a setup program that you can access when the computer first boots up. From this program, a user can change settings in the and upgrade the as well.

3 The is a complex piece of firmware ( software on a chip ) that provides support for the following devices and features of your system: Selection and configuration of storage devices connected to the motherboard s host adapters, such as hard drives, floppy drives, and CDROM drives Selection and configuration of special motherboard features, such as memory error correction, antivirus protection, and fast memory access Configuration of main and cache memory Support for different CPU types, speeds, and special features Configuration of built-in ports, such as PATA and SATA hard disk, floppy disk, serial, parallel, PS/2 mouse, USB, and IEEE-1394 ports Support for advanced operating systems, including networks and plug-and-play versions of Windows Configuration of integrated (built into the motherboard chipset) audio, network, and graphics features when present Power management Hardware monitoring (processor temperature, voltage levels, and fan performance)

4 The also performs two other important tasks: It runs the power-on self test (POST) when the system is started. It establishes a list of locations that can be used by an operating system to boot the computer (hard disk, CD or DVD drive, USB drive, floppy drive, network) and turns over control of the system by using the Bootstrap loader after completing its startup tasks. The doesn t do its job alone. It works with two other important components: CMOS memory: Also referred to as nonvolatile memory, is used to store settings. It should not be confused with system memory (RAM); it is built into the motherboard and cannot be removed by the user. CMOS battery: The contents of CMOS memory are retained as long as a constant flow of DC current from a battery on the motherboard is provided. When the battery starts to fail, the clock will start to lose time. Complete battery failure causes the loss of all CMOS configuration information (such as drive types, settings for onboard ports, CPU and memory speeds, and much more). Because the battery that maintains settings can fail at any time, and viruses and power surges can also affect the CMOS configuration, you should record important information before it is lost.

5 Accessing the Setup Program On most systems built since the late 1980s, the configuration program is stored in the chip itself. Just press the key or key combination displayed onscreen (or described in the manual) to get started. Although these keystrokes vary from system to system, the most popular keys on current systems include: the escape (Esc) key, the Delete (Del) key, the F1 key, the F2 key, the F10 key, and various combinations of Ctrl+Alt+ another specified key. Most recent systems display the key(s) necessary to start the setup program at startup. Change the Boot Order in 1. Restart the Computer and Watch for the Setup Message 2. Enter the Setup Utility 3. Locate and Navigate to the Boot Order Options in 4. Make Changes to the Boot Order 5. Save Changes to the Setup Utility 6. Confirm Boot Order Changes and Exit 7. Start the Computer With the New Boot Order

6 NOTE Because the settings you make in the setup program are stored in the non-volatile CMOS, the settings are often called CMOS settings or settings. Phoenix Award AMI IBM Compaq & HP Dell Acer AST Advantage Compaq emachines Gateway Hewlett-Parkard IBM ThinkPad IBM ThinkPad Lenovo ThinkPad Micron NEC Sony Toshiba Common Keystrokes Used to Start the Setup Program Keystrokes Ctrl+Alt+Esc or Press [Del] During Power On Self-Test Ctrl+Alt+Esc or Press [Del] After Powering Up Computer Del Ctrl+Alt+Ins or [F1] [F10] [F2] Press [F2] or [Del] Immediately After Power Up Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[Esc] During Boot Press [F10] When Blinking Cursor Jumps To Top Right Press [Tab] or [Del] During Boot or [F2] Press [F1] or [F2] Press [F1] Upon Startup or Bootup or [F2], [Esc], [F10] or [F12] Press [Ctrl]+[Alt]+[Ins] When Cursor Is At Upper-Right Corner Press and Hold [F1] When Powering Up Laptop Press [F1] or [F2] on Boot Up Press [F1], [F2] or [Del] On Startup Press [F2] During Boot or Hold Down [F1] Upon Startup Press [F1], [F2] or [F3] After Turning On the Computer Press [Esc] During Boot or Press [F1] during Boot

7 When you start the configuration program for your system, you might see a menu similar to the CMOS Setup Utility menu shown in below. From this menu, you can go to any menu, select default settings, save changes, or exit the CMOS setup menu.

8 This information applies to HP and Compaq desktop computers. This document contains information on what the program is and how to use the Setup utility. Your computer includes a Setup utility for changing important computer settings. This document does not define specific default settings because too many differences exist between computer models. Main Advanced Power Boot Exit Allocates resources for hardware components Configures advanced features available through the chipset Configures power management features Selects boot options and power supply controls Saves or discards changes to Setup program options

9 General Rule There are several approaches to Bios settings. Some like to use settings to make their system run exactly the way they prefer. There is certainly merit to that approach. However, this is an initial configuration of, so it is wise to take a conservative approach. For the purpose of this configuration, only use default settings when possible. Many Utilities have a Default Section where you can set all default settings automatically without the need to attend to individual settings. It's a good idea to use it. You can use your mouse or use the keyboard for selections, using the Enter key, Escape key, and arrow directions. Help is usually at Alt+H. Standard CMOS Setup Make sure that: 1. The date and time are correct. 2. The Floppy Disk Drive is set to 1.44MB, 3.5 inches. 3. Video is set to VGA/EGA. 4. In HALT select ON to stop the PC from repeatedly rebooting. 5. Set IDE for Auto-Detection. IDE will either be on the setup menu or on its own menu.(only some have this.) Perform an IDE AutoDetection now. Rarely, you will have to enter drive specifications into the USER mode. But if needed, simply enter the information provided to you about each drive into each field.

10 Advanced Settings The following can be enabled or disabled. At least for now, we suggest you do the following: 1. The Virus Program - Will scan your hard drive at startup and warn you of trouble. Enable or disable as you wish. 2. Cache - Enable; and also, if available, enable ECC Error Checking. 3. Quick POST - Allows to boot-up faster by skipping some tests. If you leave your computer on most of the time, disable. If you turn your computer off daily, enable. 4. Boot Sequence - Controls the order in which bootable information is searched. In some versions you may select options. In other versions you have separate settings for "First Boot Device", "Second Boot Device", and so on. If your System Boot is on the O/S Installation CD, then for this initial boot-up set CD-ROM as first, hard drive as second, and A: Drive as third. However, if your System Boot is on floppy disk, then set A: Drive as first, hard drive as second, and CD-ROM as third. 5. Swap Floppy Drives - This is usually disabled. Only enable if you have two floppy drives and you wish to assign the A and B drive letters interchangeably. 6. Fast A20 Gate - Leave at default. 7. Typematic Rate Settings - Disable. This deals with the rate by which holding a keyboard character down produces repeated characters on the screen. 8. Boot Numlock - Enable. 9. CPU Serial Number - Privacy buffs disable it. This identifies the CPU serial number in Intel CPUs. 10. Video Shadow - Disable or default.

11 Advanced Chipset Settings You should not need to bother with this section. However, some basic settings are provided for your information. You may enable or disable the following: 1. Chipset Special Features - (If available) Disable. 2. L2 Cache Size - (If available) Set to match size of your external cache. 3. DRAM Parity Checking - Enable only if using parity memory. 4. DRAM Parity/ECC Mode - Select which one you are using. 5. DRAM Clock Control - Set to the speed of the system bus, which should be the default. At a later time, some super-tweaker types may like playing with the settings in this section. Know what you're doing before changing these settings. A wrong setting can cause damage. 6. DRAM Frequency - Set to the speed of your memory (such as 166). 7. AGP Mode - Set to "uto." If available. Otherwise, leave at default. 8. AGP Aperture - Sets the amount of memory space available for graphics. Set to 64 MB, this is normally fine. There will most likely be many more options available to you. It is best to leave these alone at least for the initial boot-up, and maybe best left alone permanently. Integrated Peripherals Enable the ports you intend to use, disable the ports you intend not to use: 1. IDE Ports - Enable if you will use both. 1. Device options may be available; if so, set to AUTO when possible. 2. Enable IDE pre-fetch only if your IDE interface supports it, which most likely it does. 3. Enable IDE HDD Block Mode if your hard drive supports it, most new drives do. 2. USB - Enable, if used. 3. Serial & Parallel Ports - Enable, if used. 1. Set the parallel port mode to ECP, EPP, or both. If you don't know which to pick, leave at default. 4. Motherboard Integrated Hardware - If not controlled by jumpers, you may enable or disable video, sound, or network hardware as you wish. 5. Expansion Card Hardware - If you are using one or more expansion cards and your motherboard also has the same options, you need to disable the motherboard options to allow the use of the expansion cards.

12 PnP/PCI Configuration This section controls aspects of "Plug-n-Play" and the PCI bus. Most selections should be left at default; but two deserve your attention: 1. PnP OS Installed - Enable or "Yes". This allows you to run "Plug-n-Play" programs. 2. Reset Configuration Data - Usually set to Disabled. However, if a system reconfiguration has previously caused a serious error that rendered the O/S un-bootable, you may wish to enable this option. It will enable you to reset the Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD) when you exit setup. This allows you to add hardware and software without trouble (in theory). Power Management This is for sophisticated tweaking, which we are not doing now. Your manual will best describe the different options available, if you are interested. But for now, and maybe forever, leave at default (disable) as available. PC Health Also known by other names, this section monitors some very basic operational settings, such as voltage levels, fan speed, internal processor temperature. In some versions you can set the temperature at which the computer would automatically shut down.

13 SoftMenu / Frequency-Voltage Control This is for use by those with "jumperless" motherboards. This section allows you to control computer settings related to minute voltage settings, CPU multiplier selection, and the system bus speed. Leave all settings at default or AUTO. This is the section that would also be used by those wishing to overclock their computer system (Not recommended right now). Defaults In many versions, a few clicks will set all default settings automatically without your need to attend to individual settings. Some versions offer "Fail-safe" defaults as well as "Optimized" defaults. If a Default section is available in your version, feel free to use it. Passwords Many versions have a Password section to allow for the use of passwords. If you use it, be very sure to record your password somewhere safe. Should you loose it, the entire system will lock and you will only be able to use your computer after the entire system is reset. To Finish: Click "Save" Make sure your O/S Installation Disk with System Boot is in the CD-ROM drive, or the floppy System Boot Disk is in Drive A:. Exit Setup Utility. This will automatically reboot your machine. You have now finished configuration.

14 Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting Every time you turn on your PC, the performs one of its most important jobs: the POST (power-on self-test). The POST portion of the enables the to find and report errors in the computer s hardware. The POST checks the following parts of the computer: The CPU and the POST ROM portion of the The system timer Video display (graphics) card Memory The keyboard The disk drives During the POST process, the uses any one of several methods to report problems: Beep codes POST error messages (displayed on the monitor) POST (hex) error codes Number of Beeps Possible Problem 1 DRAM refresh failure 2 Parity circuit failure 3 Base 64 KB or CMOS RAM failure 4 5 System timer Processor failure 6 Keyboard controller or Gate A20 error 7 9 Virtual mode exception error Display monitor write/read test failure ROM checksum error 10 CMOS RAM shutdown register failure 1 long, 3 short Conventional/extended memory test failure 1 long, 8 short Display test and display vertical and horizontal retrace test failure 8

15 Troubleshooting After a Beep After a beep code has been recognized, there are a few things you can do to troubleshoot the error. The following table suggests some solutions. Keep in mind that in many cases it can be less expensive to replace the motherboard than to replace a chip. Problem RAM refresh failure Parity error RAM bit error Base 64-KB error 8042 error (keyboard chip) Gate A20 error checksum error Video errors Cache memory error Any other problems Solution Reseat and clean the RAM chips. Replace individual memory chips until the problem is corrected. Reseat and clean keyboard chip. Check operating system. Replace keyboard. Replace motherboard. Reseat ROM chip. Replace chip. Reseat video card. Replace video card. Reseat and clean cache chips. Verify cache jumper settings are correct. Replace cache chips. Reseat expansion cards. Clean motherboard. Replace motherboard.

16 Error Messages After successfully testing the video, the POST will display any error messages on the screen. These errors are displayed in one of two ways: numeric error codes or text error messages. Numeric Error Codes When a computer generates a numeric error code, the machine locks up and the error code appears in the upper-left comer of the screen. The following table lists some common numeric error codes, but it is a good idea to check the manual before beginning repairs based on a beep code or error message. Error Code Problem 301 The keyboard is broken or not plugged in The hard disk drive controller is bad The floppy disk drive controller is bad. 161 The battery is dead The serial card is bad.

17 The following points summarize the main elements: 1. Understanding ROM is key to keeping a computer up and running. 2. CMOS setup defines the data a computer needs to communicate with its hardware (such as its drives). 3. The CMOS battery maintains data when computer power is turned off. 4. POST cards can quickly repay their expense by helping to isolate problems when the POST routine fails to provide a report. Updates The chip can be regarded as the glue that binds the hardware to the operating system. If the doesn t recognize the operating system or the hardware it communicates with, you re sure to have problems. Because the chip bridges hardware to the operating system, you will need to update the whenever your current version is unable to properly support. NOTE A CMOS Checksum error is normal after you replace the chip. However, after you run the setup program and save the settings, this error should go away. If you continue to see this error, test the motherboard battery. If the battery checks out okay, contact the motherboard or system vendor for help.

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