HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

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1 HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS UNIT 2. IES MIGUEL ESPINOSA - MURCIA 3º ESO HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS COMPUTERS LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION Binary System ASCII code Units of information Computer functions COMPUTER ELEMENTS Microprocessor Memory and unit storage Motherboard and connecting devices SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS TYpEs: The operating system Functions of the operating system OPERATING SYSTEM Windows Linux COMPUTER NETWORKS TYPES

2 1. COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION Human communication: alphabet, pronunciation, symbols, images and sounds. Computers only use the numbers 0 and 1. BINARY SYSTEM: From Binary to Decimal: you have to multiply every digit by the power in base 2 to its position. From Decimal to Binary: you have to divide the number successively between 2 and to arrange the remains of the quotients from the lowest to the upper. Homework on the blog: joseluis.iesmiguelespinosa.overblog.com 1. COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION UNITS OF INFORMATION. STORAGE SYSTEM The smallest unit of information that we can store on a computer (0 or 1) is called: bit, b, binary digit. Eights bits together form a: Byte, B. Different multiples of a byte are used to store information: 1 Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) Bytes = 2^10 Megabyte (MB) KB Bytes = 2^20 Gigabyte (GB) MB KB Bytes = 2^30 ACTIVITIES ON THE BLOG Terabyte (TB) GB MB KB Bytes = 2^40 Conversor 1. Conversor 2.

3 1. COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION ASCII CODE (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ASCII uses 7 bits to store up to 128 different characters. CONVERSOR 1. COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION 1.1. COMPUTER FUNCTIONS The way of how a computer runs in four steps: - Input information/data Devices connected to the Central Unit - Storing - Processing - Output information/data In the Central Unit PERIPHERALS Microproccesor + Memory The Microprocessor o CPU is the part of the computer that manages and process information, controlling the rest of elements of the computer and executing instructions.

4 1. COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION Remember: Hardware: the physical components of the computer system that we use and those we can touch and move (mouse, keyboard ) Software: or programs, refer to the data and the instructions we use to manage that data. Computer carry out four different functions: 1. Input of data using peripheral devices. 2. Storing data in the storage devices. 3. Processing data in the central process unit (CPU), using the microprocessor and the memory. 4. Output of data using peripheral devices. 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS 2.1. MICROPROCESSOR The microprocessor is an integrated circuit made up of million of tiny transistors working together to process the instructions and data received from the memory. Information that determine the performance of the microprocessor: - The clock ratesets the pace at which processes are completed. The clock continuously generates electrical impulses. Every time the microprocessor receives an impulse, it carries out an operation. Ex: a 4GHz microprocessor receives 4 billion impulses every second. - Today s microprocessors can process 64 bits at time. - A microprocessor s power also depends on its cache memory and the speed at which it communicates with the RAM.

5 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS 2.2. MEMORY AND UNITS OF STORAGE Function of differents memories: - RAM Memory. The computer main memory. Random Access Memory. - When we runan application, its instructions and data are copied to this memory so that the microprocessor can use them. - This is because accessing the hard diskis very slow. - Cache Memory: RAM cannot work at the same speed as the microprocessor, so a much faster memory is installed between the RAM and the microprocessor: the cache memory. - The cache memory stores the data that the microprocessor uses most often. - ROM BIOS. When you turned on your computer it automatically checks the system. This initial check is carried out using instructions stored in a special read-only memory The ROM BIOS. - If everything is correct, the BIOS starts operating system in the main memory, so that this system can be take control of the computer. - Storage devices: to permanently save data. ram Ranura ram cache Rom bios 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS 2.3. MOTHERBOARD AND CONNECTING DEVICES All the components of the computer are connected to it. Information and data run through motherboard, and this interchange take place through sets of copper wires called buses. In addition to the microprocessor and memory, the motherboard also includes the following components: - Slots: can be used to expand or add new components (modem, sound car, network card and so on). - Two types of slots: PCI(peripheral component interconnect) or PCI- Express. - The IDE (integrated device electronics) or ATA (advanced technology attachment) and SATA (serial ATA) connectors connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard. - The chipset is a number of integrated circuits designed to perform related functions; they control the flow of bits to and from the motherboard. - They also determine which type of microprocessor, memory and expansion cards we can use. - Various Input/Output ports. - The computer s power supply unittransforms AC to DC because we need energy to make all this work. motherboard

6 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS Connecting external devices: We can phisically connect devices to the computer in different ways. 1. Using an expansion slot on the motherboard, to connect a sound card or a graphics card, for example: - By special connectors on the motherboard, for such devices as the hard disk, DVD drivesand so on. - Using the external ports on the side or back of the computer, for example, the USB port. 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS 2.We also need to install a driver that allows the device to communicate with operating system. The operating system automatically installsdrivers for most devices.

7 2. COMPUTER ELEMENTS - Units of storage: they save information in a permanent way or form. Types: a) Magnetics Units: hard disk and disquette. It stores bits orientating magnets in two positions, 0 and 1. b) Optical Units: CD-ROM and DVD. It stores data perforating notches. The reader emits a laser that, according to which is its reflection, turns into 0 or 1. c) Flash Memories: It stores information by transistors that work as opened or closed switches. Connection by means of USB Why do you think that the size of the memories is important to executes several applications? What is the meaning of USB? 3. SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS Kind of software: Operating System: The OS manages the system resources, making them available for use by the user and the applications. Windows and Linux. Applications: word processors, database management tools, spreadsheet, presentations, programs of design, antivirus, drawing programs, games, and so on. Programming languages: These programs can be used to create other programs and applications. They can even be used to develop new operating systems.

8 3. SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS THE OPERATING SYSTEM The operating systems is the first that appears when you turn on your computer and the last thing you see when you re turning it off. The operating system provides a working environment that makes it easy to access all the various applications, find information about different elements of the computer and to manage files and folders. 3. SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM Manages the microprocessor. If several applications are open at the same time, the operating system calculates how much time the microprocessor should give to each other. Manages the memory and storage systems, making space available for the different applications. Provides an interface or working environmentfor the user. DESKTOP Allows communication between applications and peripheral devices.

9 4. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS 5. LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM LINUX

10 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS LAN s Local Area Network. Itcoversa floorora building. They can be set out with several configurations, existing a principal wire or bus and several nodes or equipments connected to the network. Lineal or bus 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS 6.1. Elements in a network All computer networks have a logical component, which is an operating system and applications that work on a network, and a physical component connecting the different computers to each other. Each computer needs an adaptor or network card to send information to the other computers and receive information back.

11 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS The hub distributes all of the information it receives between the other computers in the network. It can be replaced by a switch, more quick, which sends the data it receives only to the recipient. This information travels down a transmission medium, normally a wire or similar to a telephone wire with a RJ45 connector to and end. 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS 6.2. Wireless networks WLAN s: Wireless Local Area Network Wireless LAN s use electromagnetic waves to transmit data. All computers need to have a wireless network card. Networks with a combination of wired and wireless devices use wireless access points (WAP) that we can use to transmit data through wires or electromagnetic waves.

12 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS 6.3. Shared Internet access Computers in a network can share a single Internet connection. Computer networks can connect to the Internet in two ways: -Using Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), where all communication is through one computer that must be switched on all the time. -Using a router, which detects data and directs it to and from the Internet. 6. COMPUTER NETWORKS One disadvantage of networks sharing is that the computer with all the shared elements must be switched on at all times so that the other users can access those elements. To overcome this problem, we can use network storage systems and print servers.

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