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41 Part A Questions 1. What is an ISP? ISP stands for Instruction Set Processor. This unit is simply called as processor which executes machine instruction and coordinates the activities of other units.. 2. What are the three steps involved in executing an instruction? An instruction is executed in the following way. a) Fetch the contents of the memory location pointed by the PC. The contents of this location are interpreted as an instruction to be executed. Hence they are loaded into the IR. symbolically, this can be written as, IR [(PC)] b) Assuming that the memory is byte addressable, increment the contents of the Pc by 4, that is, PC [( PC) ] + 4 c) Carry out the actions specified by instruction in the IR. 3. What is a data patch? The register, the ALU and the interconnecting buses are collectively referred to as data path. What is the purpose of an instruction decoder? The instruction decoder generates the control signals needed to select the registers involved and direct the transfer of data. 5. An instruction can be executed by performing one or more operations in some specified sequence. What are those operations?

42 memory to * Transfer a word of data from one processor register to another or the ALU. * Perform and arithmetic or a logic operation and store the result in a processor register. * Fetch the contents of a given memory location and load them into a processor register. * Store a word of data from a processor register into a given location. 6. What are the steps accomplished when we wish to transfer the contents of register RI to register R4? * Enable the output of register R1 by setting R1 out to 1. This places the contents of R1 on the processor bus. * Enable the input of register R4 by setting R4 in to 1. This loads data from the processor bus into register R4. 8. What is a processor clock? All the operations and data transfers within the processor take place within time periods defined by a clock called as the processor clock. 9. Define ALU. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) is a combinational circuit that has no internal storage. It performs arithmetic and logic operations on two operands applied as the input. 11. What are the actions needed to execute the instruction Move (R1) R2?

43 To execute the instruction Move (R1) R2, the steps followed are, a) MAR [R] b) Start a read operation on the memory bus. c) Wait for the MFC response from the memory. d) Load MDR from the memory bus. e) R2 [MDR] 12. What are the actions performed when we execute the instruction Add (R3) R1. To execute the instruction Add (R3) R1, the steps followed are, a) Fetch the instruction b) Fetch the first operand c) Perform the addition d) Load the result into R What is the purpose of WMFC signal? WMFC is the control signal that causes the processor s control circuitary to wait for the arrival of the MFC signal. 14. Give the control sequence for the execution of instruction, Move (R1) R2. To execute the instruction Move (R1) R2, the steps followed are, a) R1 out, MAR in, Read b) MDR ine, WMFC c) MDR out R2 in 15. Give the control sequence for the execution of instruction and (R3) R1. a) PC out, MAR in, Read, Select 4, Add, Z in b) Z out, PC in, Y in, WMFC c) MDR out IR in d) R3 out, IR in, Read

44 c) R1 out, Y in, WMFC f) MDR out, Select Y, Add, Z in g) Z out, R1 in, End 16. What is a branch instruction? A branch instruction replaces the contents of the PC with the branch target address. This address is usually obtained by adding an offset, x, which is given in the branch instruction, to the updated value of the PC. 17. What is a register file? A register file is a single block of all general purpose registers. 18. Give the control sequence for an unconditional branch instruction. a) PC out, MAR in, Read, Select 4, Add, Z in b) Z out, PC in, Y in, WMFC c) MDR out, 1R in d) Offset field of IR out, Add, Z in e) Z out, PC in, End 19. Give the control sequence for the instruction Add R4, R5, R6 for the three bus organization. The control sequence is, a) PC out, R = B, MAR in, Read, Inc PC b) WMFC c) MDR outb, R = B, IR in d) R4 ou t, R5 outb, Select A, Add, R6 in, End. 20. How will you determine the required control signals for hardwired control? For hardwired control, the required control signals are determined by, a) Contents of the control step counter b) Contents of the instruction register

45 c) Contents of the condition code flags d) External input signals, such as MFC and interrupt requests. 23. What is a hardwired control unit? A hardwired control unit consists of a collection of combinational circuits to generate various control signals. 24. What are the difference between hardwired and micro programmed control unit? Sl. No Hardwired control unit Microprogrammed control unit a) Digital circuits generate the control signals. The control signals are stored as bit patterns in a Rom. b) It is a conventional design technique. It is a modern design technique. 25. What is a control word? A control word is a word whose individual bits represent the various control signals. 26. What is a micro routine? A sequence of control words corresponding to the control sequence of a machine instruction constitutes the micro routine. 28. Define micro instructions. The individual control words in the micro routine are called as micro instructions.

46 29. What is a control store? The micro routines for all instructions in the instruction set of a computer are stored in a special memory called the control store. 31. List any two situations where a µ PC is not incremented every time a new micro instruction is fetched. a) When a new instruction is loaded into the 1R, the µ PC is loaded with the starting address of the micro routine for that instruction. b) When a branch instruction is encountered and the branch condition is satisfied, the µ PC is loaded with the branch. 32. What is a vertical microprogramming organisation? Highly encoded schemes that use compact codes to specify only a small number of control functions in each micro instruction are referred to as a vertical organisation. 33. What is a horizontal microprogramming organisaiton? The organisation in which (the minimally encoded scheme) many resources can be controlled with a single micro instruction is called a horizontal organization. 34. Why does vertical microprogramming organisation result in slower operating speeds? Because more micro instructions are needed to perform the desired control functions. 35. What is bit ORing technique?

47 It is a technique for modifying the branch address. This technique by pass micro instruction 170 by having the preceding branch micro instructiosn specifying the address 170 and then use an OR gate to change the least significant bit of the address to 1 if the direct addressing mode is involved. 36. What are the alternatives for the bit ORing technique? * Use the two conditional branch micro instructions at certain locations * To include two next address fields within a branch micro instruction, one for the direct and one for indirect addressing modes. 37. What are the advantages for microprogramming? The advantages of microprogramming are, a) The design of microprogram control unit is less complex. b) The microprogram is flexible. c) A given CPU s instruction set can be easily modified. d) the debugging and maintenance of microprogrammed CPU is easy. 38. What are the disadvantages of microprogramming? The disadvantages of microprogramming are, a) A microprogrammed CU is slow. b) For a small CPU with very limited hardware resources, a microprogram CU is expensive. 39. What is the main function of microprogrammed control? The main function of microprogrammed control is to provide a means for simple, flexible and relatively inexpensive execution of machine instructions.

48 Part B Questions 1. Explain hardwired control and microprogrammed control in detail. 2. Explain the instruction cycle highlighting the subcycles and sequence of steps to be followed. 3. Explain in detail about microprogram sequencing with suitable example. 4. Write Short notes on (i) Nano Programming and (ii) Super Scalar Processing. Quiz 1. When a program is in its execution process it resides in a. Computer b. CPU c. Main Memory d. Registers 2. The internal Clock of the CPU produces pulses at a fixed rate to a computer operations. a. accomodate b. arrange c. Synchronize d. present 3. The speed of computer depend on a. user speed b. RAM c. Processor speed d. Internet connection speed 4. the measurement unit of computer clock speed is a. Milisecond b. second c. binary numbers d. megahertz

49 5. IR stands for 1- International relation 2- Internet resources 3- Internal Resources 4- Instruction Register 6. IBR 1- Instruction batch register 2- instruction buffer register 3- instruction buffer remover 4- none of them 7. The contents of the instructions register which specify itself are at 1- the end of the instruction cycle 2- the beginning of the instruction cycle 3- the middle of the instruction cycle 4- none of them 8..Memory capacity may be expressed in a. bits b. microseconds c. cycles d. megabytes 9. Data and instructions are put into primary storage by a. the ALU b. control unit c. secondary storage d. memory 10. Which of the following extracts instructions from memory and then decodes and executes them? a. Control unit b. RAM c. Data bus d. ROM

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