Chapter 0: Introduction. Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 Chapter 0: Introduction Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Essentials for the class Homepage Textbook Computer Science An Overview 12 th Ed. By J. Glenn Brookshear and Dennis Brylow from Pearson Education ( 컴퓨터과학총론 12 th Edition, 이광수외공역, 휴먼싸이언스 2015 년 ) Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-2

3 Essentials for the class Evaluation (Relative) Attendance: 15% (5 회초과시 1 회당 3%p 감점 ) Homework: 15% Midterm: 35% Final: 35% If you fail in any one of these four categories, you fail the class. Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-3

4 Lecturer Information Homepage Office Lab Engineering Building C-484 MBM(Mobile and Broadcasting Multimedia) Lab 이예지조교 New Engineering Building #1215 Contact Info yoonk_at_konkuk_dot_ac_dot_kr Office Hour: By appointment Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-4

5 Chapter 0: Introduction 0.1 The Role of Algorithms 0.2 The History of Computing 0.3 An Outline of Our Study 0.4 The Overarching Themes of Computer Science Algorithms Abstraction Creativity Data Programming Internet Impact Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-5

6 Terminology Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed Program: A representation of an algorithm Programming: The process of developing a program Software: Programs and algorithms Hardware: Equipment / Machinery Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-6

7 Terminology 알고리즘 : 작업을수행하는방법을정의하는단계들의집합 프로그램 : 알고리즘의한표현 프로그래밍 : 프로그램을개발하는과정 소프트웨어 : 프로그램과알고리즘 하드웨어 : 장비 Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-7

8 Figure 0.1 An algorithm for a magic trick Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-8

9 History of Algorithms The study of algorithms was originally a subject in mathematics. Early examples of algorithms Long division algorithm Euclidean Algorithm Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems cannot be solved by algorithms. Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-9

10 Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-10

11 History of Computing Early computing devices Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s) Positions of gears represent numbers Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-11

12 Figure 0.3 Chinese Wooden Abacus Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-12

13 Early Data Storage Punched cards First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth Storage of programs in Babbage s Analytical Engine Popular through the 1970 s Gear positions Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-13

14 Early Computers Based on mechanical relays 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard Based on vacuum tubes : Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State 1940s: Colossus: secret German code-breaker 1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn. Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-14

15 Figure 0.4 The ENIAC computer Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-15

16 Personal Computer(PC) Altair 8800 Announced: March 1975 Price: US $395 as a kit US $495 assembled CPU: Intel 8080, 2.0 MHz RAM: 256 bytes, 64K max Display: front panel LEDs Controls: front panel switches Expansion: card-cage with 16 card slots Storage: external Cassette or 8" floppy drive OS: CP/M, BASIC Altair 8800 from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) of Albuquerque, NM 1975 년 1 월 Popular electronics 잡지에최초소개 최초의대량생산된 Personal Computer 로여겨짐 Bill Gates/Paul Allen 이 Altair BASIC 제작 (a true programming language, and the first commercial Microsoft computer product) Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc From

17 Personal Computer(PC) IBM 5100 Model: 5100 Introduced: September, 1975 Price: US $19,975 w/ 64K RAM Weight: 55 pounds CPU: IBM proprietary, 1.9MHz RAM: 16K, 64K max Display: 5" monochrome monitor 64 X 16 text Storage: Internal 200K tape (DC300) Ports: tape / printer I/O port OS: APL and/or BASIC First Portable Computer (55 lb) Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc From

18 Personal Computer(PC) Apple I Introduced: March 1976 Released: July 1976 Price: US $ w/4k RAM How many? about 200 total CPU: MOS 6502, 1.0 MHz RAM: 4K, 65K max Display: monochrome 280 X 192, 40 X 24 text Keyboard: not included. Ports: composite video output keyboard interface one vertical expansion slot Storage: cassette interface available OS: firmware in ROM (HEX) Apple BASIC on cassette Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Steve Wozniak from HP and Steve Jobs 0-18 From

19 Personal Computer(PC) Apple II Released: April 1977 Price: US $1298 with 4K RAM US $2638 with 48K RAM CPU: MOS 6502, 1.0 MHz RAM: 4K min, 48K max Display: 280 X 192, 40 X 24 text 6 colors maximum Ports: composite video output cassette interface 8 internal expansion slots Storage: generic cassette drive external 143K floppy (1978) OS: Woz Integer BASIC in ROM One of first color display Built-in BASIC language 8 expansion slots memory expansion floppy disk controllers PASCAL and CP/M emulator cards parallel, serial, and SCSI cards processor accelerators video cards Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc From

20 Personal Computer(PC) IBM PC Model: 5150 Released: September 1981 Price: US $1,565 ~ $3,000 CPU: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM: 16K, 640K max Display: 80 X 24 text Storage: dual 160KB 5.25-inch disk drives Ports: cassette & keyboard only 5 internal expansion slots OS: PC-DOS v1.0 Five internal ISA expansion slots on the motherboard additional memory video card optional floppy drive controller RS-232 serial port card modem card for dialing-up remote computer systems Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc From

21 Personal Computer(PC) Compaq Portable Introduced: November 1982 Released: March 1983 Price: US$3590 (two floppy system) How many? 53,000 in 1983, the first year Weight: 28 pounds. CPU: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz RAM: 128K, 640K max Display: 9" monochrome monitor built-in 80 X 25 text Color graphic card Storage: Two 320K 5-1/4" disk drives Ports: 1 parallel (expansion card) OS: MS-DOS The Compaq Portable was the first 100% compatible IBM computer clone. It's transportable, designed so it can easily be taken aboard an airliner as carry-on luggage Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc From

22 Personal Computer(PC) Apple Macintosh Model: M0001 Introduced: January 1984 Price: US$2495 CPU: Motorola 68000, 7.83 Mhz RAM: 128K, later 512K Display: 9-inch monochrome screen 512x342 pixels Ports: Two DB9 serial ports Printer port External floppy port Storage: Internal 400K SSDD floppy optional external floppy ($495) OS: Macintosh GUI (graphical user interface) Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Macintosh is considered to be the first commercially successful computer to use a GUI From

23 Personal Computers First used by hobbyists IBM introduced the PC in Accepted by business Became the standard hardware design for most desktop computers Most PCs use software from Microsoft Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-23

24 Into the Millennium Internet revolutionized communications World Wide Web Search Engines (Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft) Miniaturization of computing machines Embedded (GPS, in automobile engines) Smartphones Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-24

25 Outline of Our Study Chapter 1: Data Storage Chapter 2: Data Manipulation Chapter 3: Operating Systems Chapter 4: Networks and the Internet Chapter 5: Algorithms Chapter 6: Programming Languages Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-25

26 Outline of Our Study (continued) Chapter 7: Software Engineering Chapter 8: Data Abstractions Chapter 9: Database Systems Chapter 10: Computer Graphics Chapter 11: Artificial Intelligence Chapter 12: Theory of Computation Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-26

27 The Overarching Themes of Computer Science Computing technology effects: Governments, economics, scientific research, role of data, communication, Seven Big Ideas that unite computer science: Algorithms, Abstraction, Creativity, Data, Programing, Internet and Impact Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-27

28 Algorithms The science of algorithms Draws from other subjects, including Mathematics Engineering Psychology Business Administration Psychology Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-28

29 Figure 0.5 The central role of algorithms in computer science Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-29

30 Given the Central Role of Algorithms Which problems can be solved by algorithmic processes? How can algorithm discovery be made easier? How can techniques of representing and communicating algorithms be improved? How can characteristics of different algorithms be analyzed and compared? Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-30

31 Given the Central Role of Algorithms (continued) How can algorithms be used to manipulate information? How can algorithms be applied to produce intelligent behavior? How does the application of algorithms affect society? Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-31

32 Abstraction Abstraction: The distinction between the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity s internal composition Abstract tool: A component that can be used without concern for the component s internal properties Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-32

33 추상화 (abstraction) 추상화 : 개체의외적속성과내적구성의세부사항을구별하는것 추상적도구 : 그내적구성을모르고서도사용할수있도록만들어진컴포넌트 2009 Pearson Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

34 Creativity Computer science is inherently creative Discovering and applying algorithms is a human activity Extends forms of expression in many ways Creating large software systems is like conceiving a grand new sculpture Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-34

35 Data Computers can represent any information That can be discretized and digitized Algorithms process and transform data Massive storage capacities High speed networks Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-35

36 Questions about Data How do computers store data about common digital artifacts? Numbers, text, images, sounds, and video How do computers approximate data about analog artifacts in the real world? How do computers detect and prevent errors in data? What are the ramifications or an ever-growing and interconnected universe of digital data? Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-36

37 Programming Programming is broadly referred to as: Translating human intentions into executable algorithms Computer hardware is capable of only simple algorithmic steps Abstractions in a programming language allow humans to reason and encode solutions to complex problems Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-37

38 Questions about Programming How are programs built? What kind of errors can occur in programs? How are errors in programs found and repaired? What are the effects of errors in modern programs? How are programs documented and evaluated? Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-38

39 Internet Profound impact in the way information is: Stored Retrieved Shared Privacy Security Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-39

40 Impact Social, ethical, legal impacts including: Security concerns Issues of software ownership and liabilities Social impact of database technology Consequences of artificial intelligence Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-40

41 Impact No Correct answers, instead increase awareness of: Various stakeholders Alternatives Short term and long term consequences Character-based ethics Good Behavior is a consequence of Good Character Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 0-41

42 End of Chapter Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.