Computer Hardware. Created Spring 1996 Revised Fall 2005

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1 Computer Hardware Created Spring 1996 Revised Fall

2 Computer An electronic device that has the ability to accept data, internally store and execute a program of instructions, perform mathematical, logical and manipulative operations on data, and report the results. 2

3 Computer Classifications Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe Supercomputer 3

4 Microcomputer Users: Speed: One Slow Price: $500 - $3,000 Size: desktop or smaller Examples: IBM PC, Apple ][, Apple Macintosh, Imac personal computers 4

5 Minicomputer Users: 2-50 Speed: Faster Price: $10,000 - $250,000 Size: file cabinet Examples: HP 9000 DEC VAX departmental computers 5

6 Mainframe Computer Users: 50 + Speed: Fast Price: $500,000 - millions Size: refrigerator-sized on up Examples: IBM 3090, Unisys 2200 company-wide ( enterprise ) 6

7 Supercomputer Users: Speed: Price: Size: Examples: a few very, very fast $ millions room Cray, Fujitsu scientific uses 7

8 Computer An electronic device that has the ability to accept data, internally store and execute a program of instructions, perform mathematical, logical and manipulative operations on data, and report the results. IBM 8

9 Hardware consists of all machinery and equipment input devices output devices processing and memory devices secondary storage devices communications devices 9

10 Software the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer what to do applications software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks available from many places systems software enables the application software to interact with the computer generally comes from the hardware vendor 10

11 Computer Components Secondary Storage Input Devices Primary Storage Control Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit Central Processing Unit Output Devices 11

12 Input Devices keyboard disk tape cards voice scanner (various types) modem mouse/trackballs/glide points 12

13 Input Devices 13

14 Output Devices monitor printer impact printers non-impact printers disk modem voice microfilm 14

15 Central Processing Unit Primary Storage random access memory, scratchpad volatile storage limited in capacity Control Unit controls CPU and it s interactions Arithmetic/Logic Unit math and logic calculations 15

16 Microprocessors 16

17 Microprocessor A single integrated circuit (chip), mounted on a system board (motherboard) of a personal computer. manufacturers: Intel Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Cyrix Motorola 17

18 Secondary Storage nonvolatile storage generally removable types tape cards magnetic disk optical disk 18

19 Size Capacity Measurements Bit Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte 19

20 Size Capacity - 1 Bit Binary Digit either a Zero or a One; basic unit for storing data; 0=off, 1=on Byte Binary Digit Eight; a unit of information usually consisting of 8 bits; each byte usually represents a character, letter or symbol 20

21 Size Capacity - 2 Kilobyte approximately 1 thousand characters 1,024 bits (2 10 ) Megabyte approximately 1 million characters 1,048,576 bytes (2 20 ) Gigabyte approximately 1 billion characters 1,073,741,824 bytes (2 30 ) 21

22 Size Capacity - 3 Terabyte One trillion bytes; 10^12.Or, 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) Petabyte A quadrillion bytes (10^15 bytes or 2^50 bytes) 22

23 Size Capacity Measurements Name Definition Approx. Actual Bit BInary Digit Byte 8 contigous bits Kilobyte thousand 1,000 1,024 Megabyte million 1,000,000 1,048,576 Gigabyte billion 1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824 Terabyte trillion 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776 23

24 Floppy Disks A removable, round, flexible plastic disk that stores data as magnetized spots on the disk. developed by IBM in the 1960 s disk spins only when accessed read/write head makes physical contact with the disk 24

25 Floppy Disk Size and Capacity 8 developed by IBM for minicomputer line K capacity 5¼ developed by Al Shugart used on Apple ][, IBM PC, IBM AT DSDD: 360K DSHD: 1.2meg 25

26 Floppy Disk Size and Capacity 3½ developed by Sony first used on Apple Macintosh, 1984 DSDD: 720K DSHD: 1.44meg DSQD: 2.88meg 2½ developed by Zenith in 1988 never caught on with consumers 26

27 Hard Disks 27

28 Hard Disks - 1 generally nonremovable disk made out of metal and covered with a magnetic recording surface, holding data in the form of magnetic spots. hermetically sealed disk spins constantly read/write head does not make physical contact with the disk 28

29 Hard Disks - 2 cost per megabyte 1983: $1100 for a 10meg drive 2002: $165 for a 120 gigabyte drive Rule of thumb: $.80 per gigabyte Interface Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) 29

30 Hard Disk Size and Capacity (5¼ ), 3½ and 2½ platter size trend is for greater capacity, with smaller size and lower cost standard drive today is 60 gigabyte capacity (and growing.) Watch out for rotation speed 5400, 7600, 10,000 and 15,000 RPM 30

31 Optical Disk a disk that is written and read by lasers Compact Disk, Read-Only Media CD-ROM 5¼ size write once, read many times (WORM) 650 megabyte capacity speeds: 1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 16x, 24x, 32x, 40x ++ Compact Disk, Write-Once, Read-Many writeable CD-ROM 31

32 CD-ROM CD-ROM Writers ( burners ) approximately $150 blank disks are $0.25 in quantity 32

33 DVD Burners just coming on the market Cost is approximately $700 Blanks are about $10 each 33

34 Magnetic Tape flexible plastic coated on one side with a magnetic material, data is represented by magnetized spots common for mini/mainframe backup cartridge form available for mini/pc sequential storage medium 34

35 Modems 35

36 Modem Speed Measurement baud and bits-per-second (bps) the speed at which a modem can transfer information over telephone lines baud: measure of signal changes that take place over one second of data transfer bps: measure of the actual number of bits transferred during that second 36

37 Modem Speed Measurement ,400 28,800 / 33,600 56,600 37

38 (Internal) Modem Connections optional 38

39 External Modems 39

40 Cable Modems A "Cable Modem" is a device that allows high speed data access (such as to the Internet) via a cable TV (CATV) network. A cable modem will typically have two connections, one to the cable wall outlet and the other to a computer (PC). Cable modem speeds range from 128Kbps to 10Mbps 40

41 Cable Modems Motorola CyberSurfer Cable modem; used by service in Omaha New DOCSYS standard 41

42 Cable Modems 42

43 Clock Speed Measurement how fast a computer s CPU processes information hertz one clock cycle per second kilohertz one thousand hertz per second megahertz one million hertz per second gigahertz one billion hertz per second 43

44 Intel microprocessors Intel produces 80% of the microprocessors used in all personal computers, and 90%+ of all CPUs used in IBMcompatible personal computers. 44

45 the Intel Chip Family P5 - Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Celeron Pentium III Pentium IV 45

46 the Intel Chip Family first used in IBM PC (1981) 4.77mhz 8086 used by clone manufacturers 6, 8, 10mhz used 8087 math coprocessor 46

47 the Intel Chip Family used only in a Radio Shack clone model used in traffic lights and cars! 47

48 the Intel Chip Family first used in IBM PC/AT (1984) 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20mhz 16 bit external processing address 16meg of memory used for math coprocessing 48

49 the Intel Chip Family first used by Compaq, then IBM 16, 20, 25, 33, 40mhz 32 bit external processing address 16gig of memory used for math coprocessing SX: 16 bit bus DX: 32 bit bus 49

50 the Intel Chip Family introduced in , 25, 33, 50, 66, 80, 100, 120, 133mhz 32 bit external processing address 64gig of memory SX: no math coprocessor built-in DX: math coprocessor built-in 50

51 the Intel Chip Family - 7 Pentium (P5) introduced in , 66mhz (6 volt) 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166 (3.3 volt) 32 bit external processing address 64+gig of memory no longer in production as of

52 the Intel Chip Family - 8 Pentium Pro introduced in 1996 dead-end processor 150, 180, 200mhz 32 bit external processing address 64+gig of memory 52

53 the Intel Chip Family - 9 Pentium II next version of the Pentium (P6) speeds of 200, 233, 266, 300, 400, 450mhz out of production in Fall 99 53

54 the Intel Chip Family - 10 Pentium III next version of the Pentium family speeds of 450, 500, 550, 600, 700, 733, 800, 850, 866, 933, 1GHz No longer in production 54

55 the Intel Chip Family - 10 Pentium IV Speeds from 1.2GHz, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.8GHz 4GHz is due out any time now 55

56 Intel Microprocessor Prices Computer Shopper, March 1996 Pentium 166 $855 Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium DX/ DX/

57 Intel Microprocessor Prices pricewatch.com 57

58 Other Microprocessor Prices Computer Shopper, March 1996 AMD 486/120 $109 AMD 486/ AMD 486/80 59 Cyrix 486/ Cyrix 486/80 69 Cyrix 486/

59 Monitors 59

60 Monitor Specifications Mono Display Adapter (MDA) Mono Graphics Adapter (MGA) Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) Video Graphics Array (VGA) Super VGA (SVGA) 60

61 Monitor Types CRT Cathode ray tube LCD Liquid crystal display 61

62 CRT Works by moving an electron beam back and forth across the back of the screen. Each time the beam makes a pass at the back of the screen, it lights up phospor dots on the inside of the glass tube, illuminating the active portions of the screen. By drawing lots of lines from the top to the bottom of the screen, it creates an entire screen of images. 62

63 Things to Look for - CRTs Dot Pitch size of smallest dot on the monitor the smaller, the better Poor Great Interlaced -vs.- Noninterlaced how the display is updated avoid interlaced monitors!!! Viewable area 63

64 LCD Uses two sheets of polarizing material, with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them like a shutter 64

65 LCD Monochrome Blue or gray on a gray background Color Passive matrix cheaper Active matrix More expensive, sharper images May be backlit to be easier to read 65

66 LCD Uses much less electricity than CRTs Take up less desk space Will become the dominant monitor type in a few years 66

67 Monitor Sizes Measure the screen diagonally (like a television). Be cautious of the viewable area of the monitor. Prices have dropped recently due to an increase in the production yields of the glass used to make the screens. 67

68 Monitor Resolutions SVGA a function of the monitor and the video card 640 x 480 (standard VGA resolution) 800 x x x x

69 Case Designs and Sizes - 1 desktop smaller size fewer expansion slots can be turned over to stand on it s side tower larger size more expansion slots possibly larger power supply frees desktop space 69

70 Case Designs and Sizes - 2 desktop AT baby AT pizza box tower full tower mid-tower mini tower 70

71 Integrated (one piece unit) 71

72 72

73 Case Terms Bays number of open spaces for devices ½-height bays full height bays size 5¼ 3½ for CD-ROM and tape backup units for floppy drives, hard drives, some tape units 73

74 Connection Points (ports) Serial port Parallel port Keyboard port Mouse port Joystick port USB ports universal serial bus Firewire 74

75 Serial Ports AKA: RS-232 port Two-way data transfer Theoretically have 4 Realistically have 2 names: com1: com3: - com2: - com4: uses: modems, mice, data collection 75

76 Parallel Ports - 1 originally one-way data transfer, but new bi-directional ports allow two-way data transfer theoretically have 4 realistically have 2, commonly have 1 can be emulated in software thru the use of network operating system software (Novell, NT) 76

77 Parallel Ports - 2 names lpt1: to lpt4: uses: printers, lap-link data transfer 77

78 Joystick, Keyboard & Mouse Ports most home computers have a joystick port mouse port frees serial ports for other uses keyboard port can be regular pin or mini pin configuration (adapters available) 78

79 USB Ports A personal computer bus which can support up to 127 peripheral devices in a daisy chain configuration, and has a total bandwidth of 1.5 megabytes per second. It uses inexpensive cable, which can be up to 5 meters long. Supported on Win95 R2 and Win98 and Windows 2000, but not Win95 and NT more peripherals available now (cameras, input devices, scanners) Version 1.1 and 2.0 (now available) 79

80 Motherboard aka: system board where components are located, where expansion slots are located different bus designs 80

81 Bus Design - 1 Bus - links the CPU to hardware devices Different bus designs ISA MCA EISA VESA PCI AGP 81

82 Bus Designs - 2 ISA Industry Standard Architecture developed for original IBM PC originally 8 bits, extended to 16 bits 82

83 Bus Design - 3 MCA Micro Channel Architecture developed by IBM for the PS/2 family of computers in 1986 requires different expansion cards 16 bit design rarely licensed to other vendors out of production now 83

84 Bus Design - 4 EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture developed by a consortium in response to IBM s MCA (led by Compaq) 32 bit design could use ISA cards in EISA slots popular in servers for a few years out of production now 84

85 Bus Design - 5 VESA Video Electronics Standards Assoc. connects directly to the microprocessor 32 bit design used to speed up video, then hard drive controllers No longer found on systems 85

86 Bus Design - 6 PCI Peripheral Components Interconnect local bus using 64 bit design used in high-end 486 and P5 systems replaced VESA 86

87 Bus Design - 7 PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association used for notebooks, to insert creditcard sized devices into open expansion slots moving onto the desktop available in modems, network cards, extra RAM 87

88 Bus Design - 8 AGP Advanced Graphics Processing used to speed up the video card display found on newer machines 88

89 !! The End!! 89

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