Elementary Computing CSC M. Cheng, Computer Science 1
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1 Elementary Computing CSC M. Cheng, Computer Science 1
2 CPU and Memory Inside of a computer CPU and RAM Clock Speed & Multi-core Microprocessor How a CPU works Secondary Storage M. Cheng, Computer Science 2
3 Outcomes The brain of a computer is the CPU. The motherboard is populated with CPU, memory and I/O devices. A program must be loaded inside the RAM before it is executed. The CPU fetches, decodes and executes instructions one after another. Secondary memory is non-volatile for storing larger amount of program or data M. Cheng, Computer Science 3
4 Study Guide What is inside a computer? What is a CPU? What is RAM, ROM, Flash memory? What is a system bus? What is a motherboard? M. Cheng, Computer Science 4
5 Study Guide What is a CPU clock? What is the fetch-decode-execute cycle? What is volatile vs non-volatile memory? What is a multi-core processor? M. Cheng, Computer Science 5
6 Inside a Computer M. Cheng, Computer Science 6
7 Central Processing Unit (CPU) Primary Memory (RAM) M. Cheng, Computer Science 7
8 Typically, a computer uses a motherboard to populate the CPU, Memory, and I/O Devices M. Cheng, Computer Science 8
9 The system bus is the set of wires connecting CPU, Memory and I/O devices M. Cheng, Computer Science 9
10 A Desktop PC Motherboard Memory goes here CPU I/O Devices go here M. Cheng, Computer Science 10
11 A Macbook Laptop Motherboard CPU I/O Devices go here Memory goes here M. Cheng, Computer Science 11
12 RAM Memory Modules (for Desktop Computer) (for Laptop) M. Cheng, Computer Science 12
13 Input / Output Devices Mouse Keyboard Printer Monitor Scanner Hard drives CD ROM M. Cheng, Computer Science 13
14 A Brief History of Microprocessors (CPU) M. Cheng, Computer Science 14
15 A microprocessor is a CPU built into an Integrated Circuit (IC) M. Cheng, Computer Science 15
16 In 1972, Intel created the first microprocessor M. Cheng, Computer Science 16
17 Inside an Early Microprocessor M. Cheng, Computer Science 17
18 Modern Microprocessors M. Cheng, Computer Science 18
19 Inside a Modern Microprocessor M. Cheng, Computer Science 19
20 Central Processing Unit (CPU) M. Cheng, Computer Science 20
21 The Brain of a Computer A CPU defines a set of instructions that a computer can understand. A program is a sequence of CPU instructions. When a program is executing, the CPU follows the instructions prescribed in the program M. Cheng, Computer Science 21
22 The Heart of a CPU A CPU executes one instruction after another. The CPU clock (i.e., its heart ) regulates all activities going on inside; it is measured in Hz, times per second. The faster the clock, the faster the CPU; 3 GHz is about 3 times faster than a 1 GHz CPU M. Cheng, Computer Science 22
23 CPU Cores Modern microprocessors often have more than one CPU per chip. A dual-core microprocessor means 2 CPUs inside; a quad-core means 4 CPUs inside. Generally, the more the cores, the faster the microprocessor M. Cheng, Computer Science 23
24 M. Cheng, Computer Science 24
25 Nvidia ARM Microprocessor M. Cheng, Computer Science 25
26 Primary Memory (RAM) M. Cheng, Computer Science 26
27 Random Access Memory (RAM) A computer has both primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (e.g., hard drives). A program must be stored inside the RAM before a CPU can execute it. RAM is volatile; it loses its content if not powered M. Cheng, Computer Science 27
28 RAM ranges from 1 GB to 4GB, and costs around $10 per GB M. Cheng, Computer Science 28
29 What is a Program? M. Cheng, Computer Science 29
30 Joseph Marie Jacquard M. Cheng, Computer Science 30
31 Joseph M. Jacquard designed a machine, called the loom, in 1801 for knitting M. Cheng, Computer Science 31
32 Jacquard Loom M. Cheng, Computer Science 32
33 Features of a Jacquard Loom Weaving patterns are described by a sequence of punch cards. Each punch card specifies which needle is up (no hole) or down (a hole) There is a mechanism to read the punch cards one-by-one M. Cheng, Computer Science 33
34 The Punch Cards M. Cheng, Computer Science 34
35 Jacquard Loom Punch Cards M. Cheng, Computer Science 35
36 Jacquard Loom Close Up M. Cheng, Computer Science 36
37 The Loom & The CPU A program (or a weaving pattern ) is a sequence of instructions (or punch cards ). The CPU (card reader) reads an instruction (a punch card) and then executes it. Each punch card is a binary instruction (e.g., a hole means down, no hole means up.) M. Cheng, Computer Science 37
38 How a CPU works (Fetch) A CPU reads one instruction at a time from the memory, typically RAM. (Decode) For each instruction read, it determines what the instruction is about. (Execute) It does what the instruction says. It repeats Fetch-Decode-Execute forever M. Cheng, Computer Science 38
39 Punch Cards & RAM The Loom uses a fixed sequence of punch cards to store a predefined weaving pattern. In a computer, a program must be loaded into RAM before the CPU can execute it. By loading different programs into RAM, a computer can perform different tasks at different times M. Cheng, Computer Science 39
40 Secondary Memory M. Cheng, Computer Science 40
41 A Hard Drive M. Cheng, Computer Science 41
42 Inside a Hard Drive M. Cheng, Computer Science 42
43 A hard drive is between 512 GB to 4 TB. It costs about $0.1 per GB M. Cheng, Computer Science 43
44 RAM is about 1,000,000 times faster than a hard drive M. Cheng, Computer Science 44
45 A hard drive is about 100 times cheaper than RAM per GB M. Cheng, Computer Science 45
46 The more RAM a computer has, the faster it can run M. Cheng, Computer Science 46
47 Magnetic Floppy Disks M. Cheng, Computer Science 47
48 Floppy Drives M. Cheng, Computer Science 48
49 Before hard drives became affordable, most personal computers only use floppy drives M. Cheng, Computer Science 49
50 Flash memory is a special kind of non-volatile secondary memory, which has no moving part M. Cheng, Computer Science 50
51 Solid-State Drive (or SSD) M. Cheng, Computer Science 51
52 Flash memory is about 10 times faster than a hard drive; but it costs about 10 times more M. Cheng, Computer Science 52
53 All secondary memory are nonvolatile; they are used primarily for archiving and backup M. Cheng, Computer Science 53
54 The End M. Cheng, Computer Science 54
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