Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip

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1 Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip Fabio Massimo Ottaviani EPV Technologies February Introduction When IBM released zaap (2004) and ziip(2006) most companies decided to acquire a few of these specialty engines (sometimes just one) to verify if they really could help in reducing software costs. This is probably the reason why Capacity Planning activities to size these specialty processors have been performed in a very rough and ready way at the beginning. The situation in 2010 is completely different: zaap and ziip have become an essential hardware resource at many customer sites (many companies use a lot of zaap and ziip) and managers now understand very clearly that their exploitation can allow considerable software cost savings. So zaap and ziip Capacity Planning has to be much more accurate than in the past. From a conceptual point of view the process is always the same: evaluate current capacity (or expected capacity if you don t have zaap and ziip yet); estimate the utilization baseline; estimate the workload growth; forecast future resource needs. However zaap and ziip implementation presents some unique characteristics which require special care when performing the above Capacity Planning steps. This paper discusses them. 2 Premise: zaap on ziip In the z/os 1.11 Software Announcement, dated August , IBM announced an interesting new enhancement, zaap on ziip, that can enable System z Application Assist Processor (zaap) eligible workloads to run on System z Integrated Information Processors (ziips). This function can be very useful for customers having low zaap and ziip eligible workloads that would not justify the cost of purchasing both a zaap and a ziip engine. By combining both workloads on a single ziip the acquisition cost may be justified more easily. The zaap on ziip function could also be used to improve flexibility and economy of scale at many customer sites. It s very likely that most companies will exploit this function so in the following chapters zaap and ziip will be discussed based on the assumption that only ziip will be used. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 1

2 3 Evaluate current capacity In contrast to standard CPUs no MIPS tables are provided for the ziip. Generally speaking MIPS tables should only be used as a reference and not for capacity planning purposes. The following example may help understand why. Suppose you have a IBM ziip running a LoIO Mix workload; customers can estimate standard CPU and ziip capacity starting from the MIPS tables using an optimistic or a pessimistic approach. An optimist, considering the CPU and ziip pools completely independent 1, would estimate: Standard CPU capacity, based on a IBM = MIPS ziip capacity, based on a IBM = MIPS A pessimist, considering the CPU and ziip pools as a unique pool 2, would estimate: Standard CPU capacity, based on a IBM = /19*15 = MIPS ziip capacity, based on a IBM = /19*4 = MIPS As you can see there is a big difference between the results obtained with these two different approaches especially for ziip. From the capacity planning point of view it is normally advisable to use the pessimistic approach however the best solution is found using the zpcr tool provided by IBM. The following table shows the estimates obtained using zpcr. Figure 1 1 It means that adding ziip doesn t increase multi processor overhead. 2 It means that adding ziip does increase multi processor overhead in the same way as adding standard CPU. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 2

3 Another difference is the possibility running full speed specialty processors together with standard CPU running at reduced capacity 3. The SMF30SNF and R723NFFS SMF fields 4 provide the normalization factor to convert ziip to standard CPU capacity. So if you decide to not use zpcr and do a rough estimate you have to remember to take that into account. 4 Estimating the utilization baseline Estimating the utilization baseline is an essential step of the capacity planning process; it answers a very complex question: how much is a resource used? It may look simple but there are a lot of other questions hidden inside it such as: What reference interval to use (30 minutes, 1 hour, a longer interval)? Which hours of the day to consider (just a couple of peak hours, 8-18, 24 hours)? Which days to include (just some specific days, working days, all days)? What is a representative period of the month/year to base it on? Once you have answered all these questions you need to use an algorithm (such as top values, average, percentiles, etc.) to get the baseline value. The process to estimate ziip baseline is conceptually the same but there are important differences to consider. Current ziip implementation allows the redirection of ziip eligible work onto standard CPUs if there is excessive queuing for ziips. You can avoid that by setting the IIPHONORPRIORITY parameter in IEAOPTxx member to NO (default value is YES) but most customers normally leave it set to YES because they prefer to guarantee the best performance for their applications. The portion of ziip eligible work running on standard CPUs can be considered as the satisfied part of ziip latent demand 5. It s easy to understand that, due to the fact that software costs are charged based on standard CPUs utilization only, one of the goals of ziip capacity planning is to minimize this demand. To do that you have to add to the current ziip utilization the part of ziip eligible work running on standard CPUs when estimating the ziip baseline 6. Starting with the measurements provided in the R723CSUC SMF field 7, you have to: - convert service units measurements to time, - sum the consumption of all the service class periods, - normalize processor speed, if needed - increment the measured numbers by adding the uncaptured CPU used. The following table shows an example of the capture ratio profile. Values are normally higher than 90% with peaks at 95% in the analyzed system. 3 IBM 2098 and , 500 and 600 models. 4 SMF 30 and 72 records. 5 If standard CPUs are saturated you should also try to evaluate additional ziip and/or CPU latent demand. 6 When using the zaap on ziip function all the zaap eligible work is accounted as ziip eligible. 7 SMF 72 record; R723CSUC is empty if you don t have any ziip installed; in this case to get ziip eligible measurements you have to set PROJECTCPU=YES in the IEAOPT member of SYS1.PARMLIB. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 3

4 Figure 2 Using the previously described algorithm the amount of standard CPU MIPS used by ziip eligible work can be estimated. This information is provided automatically in the System IIPCP Utilization view in EPV for z/os (see Figure 3). Figure 3 It s important to note that the R723CSUC measurements refer to the work already marked ziip eligible 8 which could entirely be run on ziip if enough engines were available. 5 Estimating the workload growth Workload growth is normally estimated by evaluating the following drivers: Planned application growth; Technological evolution; Natural growth. They will be shortly described in the following sections. 5.1 Planned application growth Estimating the planned growth is not an easy exercise even for experienced Capacity Planners. If you look at the development plan of any big organization you ll find a long list of new or in redesign applications planned for the next few years. The first thing to do is to analyze the list to filter out all the applications: beyond the horizon of your Capacity Planning study; 8 This work is only a part of the potential ziip eligible work. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 4

5 not requiring service from the mainframe; not running in the critical periods you used to set the baseline; so small that you can consider them part of the natural growth. This process will hopefully greatly reduce the list allowing you to concentrate on the most important applications Measurable applications Depending on each application s development stage you should: Measure the application (if it has been partially released); Measure a prototype (this is normally possible if the new or redesigned application is very critical); Measure similar applications. When applying this process to ziip you need to collect some new additional metrics in order to evaluate ziip eligible seconds running both on ziip and on standard CPUs. Basic metrics to collect are: SMF30_TIME_ON_zIIP 9, seconds used on ziip by each address space (from SMF 30); SMF30_TIME_zIIP_ON_CP 10, seconds used on standard CPUs by ziip eligible work by each address space (from SMF 30); R723CSUP, CPU and SRB service units used on ziip by each service/report class period (from SMF 72); R723CSUC, ziip eligible CPU and SRB service units, used on standard CPU, by each service/report class period (from SMF 72). Converting service units and seconds to MIPS will avoid a lot of potential normalization issues Non measurable applications If an application is in an early development stage and there are no similar applications there is nothing you can measure. In this case you can try to do a rough estimate by using indexes measuring the relationship between different resource utilization. EPV for z/os automatically creates many of these indexes (but you can create your own) ; the following can be used to estimate application ziip MIPS: IOS provides the disks access density that is the ratio between disk I/O operations per second and used (allocated) disk space in GB. As in most cases disks are shared between the systems; EPV evaluates just one index for all of them; depending on the enforced standards system specific indexes could be calculated; this index diminishes over time because allocated disk space tends to grow faster than the number of disk I/O operations. IOC provides the ratio between the disk I/O operations per second and the used MIPS (including CPU, zaap and ziip); this index is evaluated for each system; it diminishes over time because MIPS usage tends to grow faster than the number of disk I/O operations. ZIC provides the ratio between IIP and standard CPU used MIPS; this index is evaluated for each system; it is a new index so there is little history data to analyze but the feeling is that it 9 Old name was SMF30_TIME_ON_SUP 10 Old name was SMF30_TIME_SUP_ON_ CP Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 5

6 will increase over time because IIP MIPS are much less expensive than standard CPU MIPS. Based on our experience, disk space is normally the only metric that the development team can forecast with any accuracy. Starting from disk space estimate and using the EPV Indexes you can get an estimate based on your environment indices. The process is depicted in the following example. EXAMPLE Suppose a new application is in the early development stages; a total amount of 200 GB has been estimated. Using the IOS index of the production systems (0,8) we can estimate the number of disk I/O per second: 200 used disk GB * (0,8 disk I/O per second / used disk GB) = 250 disk I/O per second. Using the IOC index of the production systems (2,5) we can estimate the number of total MIPS (CPU+zIIP) needed: 250 disk I/O per second / (2,5 disk I/O per second / used MIPS) = 100 MIPS Using the ZIC index of the production systems (0,1) we can estimate the number of ziip MIPS needed: 100 MIPS * 0,1 ziip MIPS/MIPS = 10 MIPS 5.2 Technological evolution Technological evolution is a key factor in the exploitation of ziip. In recent years many new possibilities have been introduced, such as DDF in DB2 V8, native Stored Procedures in DB2 V9, XML parsing services in z/os 1.9. If you are aware that you are to exploit any of these or other possibilities you should estimate the expected increase in ziip MIPS and the corresponding standard CPU MIPS reduction. In this case you have to: understand which workload can exploit the technological change (using IBM and ISV technical documentation); evaluate the amount of this workload in terms of used MIPS (measuring your systems); estimate how much could be redirected to ziip (using IBM and ISV technical documentation, other customers experience and possibly a prototype on your test system). 5.3 Natural growth Natural growth is the tendency of each system to increase resource usage during time even if no new or redesigned applications are released. This tendency depends on many factors; the most important of them are: database growth; new small applications or additional functions not included in the planned growth; Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 6

7 new software levels. The biggest issues to solve are the same as for standard CPUs: a) maintaining enough historical data in your performance data base (at least 25 months); b) choosing the metrics to use; c) choosing the algorithm to use; d) cleaning data to eliminate the planned growth. The following graph shows an example of natural growth estimate based on monthly used CPU and SRB service units on the last 25 months. The black dotted line represents the linear regression values. Natural growth in the analyzed period can be estimated using the difference between the linear regression values at the end and at the beginning of the period. In this example, it is about million service units out of (the initial value) which corresponds to about 20% in two years Natural growth estimate feb feb 2010 m i l l i o n s e r v i c e u n i t s Figure 4 Most companies use the number of CPU and SRB service units to estimate the natural growth because of its stability. However in recent years service units values have become more and more unstable, especially when using IRD, HiperDispatch 11 and specialty engines (such as the ziips). The service units rate is determined by the number of logical standard CPU assigned to the LPAR; unfortunately the number of ziips is not taken into consideration so standard CPU service units rate tend to be over estimated. 11 Discussing IRD and HiperDispatch is beyond the scope of this paper; however we can say that their usage tends to underestimate the Service Units rate. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 7

8 But the really bad news is that ziip service units rate is always set at the same value as standard CPUs. This means that if you have, for example, a IBM and a LPAR using 15 logical standard CPUs and 1 logical ziip, the service units rate, both for each standard CPU and ziip, is about If for any reason you decide to assign 5 (or any other number) of logical ziip to the LPAR, without changing the number of logical standard CPUs, the service units rate will remain fixed at The conclusion is that while the use of standard CPU service units in historical trends has to be carefully evaluated, the use of ziip service units should be avoided unless you have a very stable configuration. Using average ziip MIPS values is probably the best alternative. 6 Forecasting future resource needs When forecasting future ziip needs the major difference compared to standard CPUs is the projected utilization level. Depending on business needs and workload characteristics, standard CPUs are planned to reach a maximum utilization level in the peak hours. It can be 85%, 90% or 100%. It is also possible that you accept saturation of your system and have a certain amount of CPU latent demand if you run a lot of non important work. If you don t allow ziip eligible work to overflow to standard CPUs (setting IIPHONORPRIORITY to NO) you can manage ziip in the same way. Conversely, if you allow ziip eligible work on standard CPUs you have to plan the number of ziip engines in order to make the overflow to standard CPUs as small as possible 12. ziip eligible on standard CPUs vs %ziip busy % % 80% % % MIPS % 40% % busy % 20% 50 10% % ziip eligible on CPU %ziip busy Figure 5 12 Generally it s not possible to completely eliminate ziip eligible on standard CPUs (unless you set IIPHONORPRIORITY to NO). Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 8

9 The example in Figure 5 shows the daily profile of ziip utilization compared to the amount of MIPS used by ziip eligible work overflowing to standard CPUs. In this case we have just one ziip (about 450 MIPS), so as soon as %busy goes above 30%, more than 100 MIPS overflow to standard CPUs. 13 The goal of capacity planning is to provide the needed resources, at the right time, to meet service levels, at the lowest possible cost. The last part of this sentence is the key in this case. The cost of one or two additional ziips is probably much less than the hardware and software cost increase due to ziip eligible work overflowing to standard CPUs. In the above example the total amount of ziip MIPS is about 750 while the single ziip capacity is about 450 MIPS. Starting from these values you can estimate the optimal number of ziips needed by using the approach presented in the following table. Label Description Value Formula a) Estimated Workload ziip MIPS 750 b) Single ziip Capacity 450 c) Projected ziip utilization level 60% d) ziip engines needed 1,7 d=a/b e) ziip engines needed at projected utilization level 2,8 e=d/c f) ziip engines to buy 3 f=round(e) g) Estimated ziip utilization level 56% g=c*e/f h) Probability to find all ziips busy (and overflow to standard CPUs) 17% h=g f Figure 6 In this case we set 60% as the projected ziip utilization level. Then we applied all the formulas and we estimated (roughly) the probability of having all the ziips busy to be less than 20%. 14 Based on the graph in Figure 5 we can expect to have less than 50 MIPS overflowing to standard CPUs instead of more than Conclusions Capacity planning for ziip has some unique characteristics in terms of tools, metrics and techniques to use. The reduced hardware costs of ziip compared to standard CPUs and the fact that software licenses are not charged on ziip use, also require a slightly different mental approach to the fine art of Capacity Planning. 13 This is not true in the very early morning hours when probably there are just some batch jobs using the ziip. 14 A better estimate should be done using the Erlang-C formula. Practical Capacity Planning in 2010 zaap and ziip 9

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