Life cycle assessment studies of tablet PCs
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1 Life cycle assessment studies of tablet PCs Paul Teehan -- PhD Candidate Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability University of British Columbia Green Electronics Council Slates/Tablets workshop Dallas, TX, Dec 12, 2013
2 Outline Review of LCA studies of tablets In-depth study of embodied CO2 of Apple ipad and comparison against other electronics Summary and research outlook
3 Review of existing LCA studies
4 Important caveats LCA studies are highly sensitive to internal study assumptions, data sources, variations in processes and products under study, omissions of unknown but high-impact materials, etc. Comparisons of one study to another are therefore generally not valid (apples/oranges problem) unless the studies are carefully adjusted Studies rarely include enough information to facilitate such adjustments LCA is a data-starved field; researchers rely on best-fit proxy models which may be a decade old or more; all numbers are very uncertain Accurately comparing numbers from different studies is therefore difficult. Buyer beware.
5 Existing LCA studies of tablet PCs Industry studies Apple product environmental reports Dell carbon footprint study Academic studies Teehan & Kandlikar 2013: embodied CO2 of several electronic devices including ipad (1 st gen) Moberg et al 2010: LCA of newspaper reading on e-ink device Achachlouei et al 2013 extensions of Moberg et al
6 Impacts of e-ink tablet per reader per year (2010 study) * Production GHG: 8kg CO2-eq / yr Negligible use impacts (e-ink) Non-CO2 dimensions follow similar trends * Moberg, Åsa, Martin Johansson, Göran Finnveden, and Alex Jonsson. Printed and Tablet E-paper Newspaper from an Environmental Perspective A Screening Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30, no. 3 (April 2010): doi: /j.eiar
7 Dell study 5 Streak tablet (2011) Total life cycle footprint: 45 kg CO2-eq (US) 2-year use lifespan 22kg CO2-eq production, 18kg CO2-eq use Most use energy is in the maintenance-no-load charge mode
8 Special thanks and congratulations to Apple for their industry-leading product environmental reports
9 Product carbon footprint (kg CO2-eq) Apple product environment reports, Recycling Transport Use Production 50 0 ipad Mini ipad 2 ipad Mini w/ Retina ipad Air 11-inch Macbook Air 13-inch Macbook Air
10 In-depth study and comparison of embodied CO2 emissions Teehan, P., and M. Kandlikar. Comparing Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Modern Computing and Electronics Products. Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 9 (May 7, 2013): doi: /es303012r. Open access, available online: 100% of raw data and analysis freely provided in Supporting Information
11 Study goal: estimate embodied CO2 of 11 devices Method: Process-sum LCA with ecoinvent 2.2 data LCD monitor (21 ) Desktop (tower) Desktop (small) Thin client Laptop Netbook ipad (1 st gen) ipod touch (3 rd gen) Kindle (3 rd gen) Rack server Network switch Embodied CO2 : Everything before end transport, use, end-of-life Includes all extraction, processing, etc, via ecoinvent models
12 Products LCD monitor (21 ) Desktop (tower) Desktop (small) Thin client Laptop Netbook ipad (1 st gen) ipod touch (3 rd gen) Kindle (3 rd gen) Rack server Network switch Parts listing Via hand disassembly and weighing Impact data Model products in terms of components and materials in ecoinvent 2.2 database kg CO 2 -eq Result: embodied greenhouse gas emissions
13
14 Characteristics of tablets Highly integrated; tiny circuit boards with few IC s Key difference from netbooks and laptop IC s tend to be advanced Systems-on-Chip with stacked die large source of impact Display module a large impact source as well No publicly available studies of Retina displays yet, but Apple reports suggest a big premium Substantial battery mass
15 ipad embodied CO2 emissions 39%: Display module 34%: Integrated circuits 9%: External power supply 7%: Printed circuit board (excluding IC s) 5%: Casing Assuming simple materials complex alloys will be more 3%: Battery Old models for this one could be higher 3%: Other (incl. transport, assembly) This is highly variable other studies report more
16 Impact per unit mass (log scale) Component CO2 IC die IC packages Circuit board LCD module Plastics Metals Mass in the product (log scale)
17 Impact per unit mass (log scale) Component CO2 IC die IC packages Circuit board LCD module Plastics Metals Don t care zone Mass in the product (log scale)
18 Component mass (g) Embodied GHG per component (kg CO2-eq) Other Power supply Display Battery Casing IC's (die) IC's (packages) Circuit boards (excl. IC's) 0 Netbook, 10" ipad ipod touch Kindle 0 Netbook, 10" ipad ipod touch Kindle
19 Embodied GHG (kg CO 2 -eq) ipod touch Kindle ipad Thin Client Netbook 10-inch Desktop - small Switch Laptop 16-inch Desktop - tower LCD monitor 21.5-inch Laptop with dock 12-inch (ei) LCD monitor 17-inch (ei) Desktop (ei) Rack server ipod shuffle ipod nano ipod classic ipod touch iphone 3GS Apple TV iphone 4 ipad 2 MacBook Mac mini with Lion Server Mac mini 11-inch MacBook Air 13-inch MacBook Air 13-inch MacBook Pro 15-inch MacBook Pro Thunderbolt Display 17-inch MacBook Pro 21.5-inch imac Xserve 27-inch imac 27-inch LED Cinema Display Mac pro This study (2012) Apple product reports (2012) Both datasets show embodied emissions roughly linear with respect to mass (see paper for details) 9/27/2012 Teehan & Kandlikar. LCA XII, 19
20 Study conclusions Physically smaller products = less production CO2; linear with mass Desktop PC (tower) = 160 kg CO2-eq 15 laptop = 108 kg CO2-eq 10 netbook = 62 kg CO2-eq ipad (1 st gen Wi-Fi) = 26 kg CO2-eq *** Buyer beware best used for internal comparison only These numbers are lower than Apple s; but similar trend Top-down EIOLCA models will produce still larger numbers. Process-sum LCA vulnerable to truncation error. Consider these results to be lower bounds.
21 Summary and research outlook
22 ipad emissions comparatively small Production CO2-eq > Use More complex powerful devices will have higher emissions Embodied CO2-eq roughly linear with mass More stuff == more CO2 What about emissions due to network data transfer? They re quite large see this afternoon s presentation Product Carbon Footprint (kg CO2-eq) Apple product environment reports, 2013 Recycling Transport Use Production
23 Lifespan and end-of-life Most models assume tablets last two or three years Production emissions recur with each new purchase Extending lifespan is the most obvious way to limit CO2 impact from tablets, if feasible See: other discussions on repairability Will the next generation be significantly more efficient, justifying early upgrades? Unlikely already very efficient Recycling has very small CO2 impact, but other reasons to support it
24 Research outlook Carbon footprint is not a very useful number for product differentiation due to uncertainty in methods and data We desperately need better data new studies of modern displays, batteries, casing materials; better inventories of materials used, especially chemicals and coatings which are difficult to identify through disassembly; this will depend on participation from producers There are some emerging standards for LCA of electronics and ICT; meaningful product comparisons will require standardized studies which apply consistent assumptions and models
25 Research outlook (2) Replacing PC with tablet usually a win, if practical Where is the leverage to reduce impacts? Lifespan reduce recurring production impacts #1 Standardized chargers and connectors increased part reuse Less stuff Other ideas, which are hard to model in quantitative LCA Removal of hazardous substances (human health impacts) Better recycling and take-back programs Social justice? Worker rights? Higher-order environmental impacts
26 Acknowledgements
27 Extra slides
28 Rack server Desktop (ei) LCD monitor, 17" (ei) Laptop, with dock, 12" (ei) LCD monitor, 21.5" Desktop - tower Laptop, 16" Switch Desktop - small Netbook, 10" Thin Client ipad Kindle ipod touch Embodied GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq) This study (2012) Other Power supply Casing Battery Display PCB and IC's 0
29 kg CO2-eq ipad part mass vs embodied CO Display IC's (die) Circuit board Power supply 2 Casing IC's (package) 0 Other Battery Part mass (g)
30 kg CO2-eq ipad part mass vs embodied CO Display 8 IC's (die) 6 4 Circuit board Power supply Increasing CO2 per unit mass 2 Casing IC's (package) 0 Other Battery Part mass (g)
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