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1 Maestría en Electrónica Arquitectura de Computadoras Unidad 1 FUNDAMENTOS DEL DISEÑO DE COMPUTADORAS M. C. Felipe Santiago Espinosa Marzo/2017
2 1.1 Terminology Architecture & Organization 1 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer (some times called ISA: Instruction Set Architecture) Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. The hardware/software interface e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Organization is how features are implemented Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 2
3 Architecture & Organization 2 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility At least backwards Organization differs between different versions - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 3
4 1.2 Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 4
5 1.2.1 Function All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage Data movement Control - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 5
6 Functional View - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 6
7 Operations (a) Data movement - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 7
8 Operations (b) Storage - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 8
9 Operation (c) Processing from/to storage - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 9
10 Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 10
11 1.2.2 Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Communication lines Input Output - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 11
12 Structure - The CPU CPU I/O Computer System Bus Memory CPU Registers Internal CPU Interconnection Arithmetic and Login Unit Control Unit - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 12
13 Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit ALU CPU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit Sequencing Login Control Unit Registers and Decoders Control Memory - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 13
14 1.3 Evolución y tendencias La ley de Moore fue ideada por el co-fundador de Intel, Gordon E. Moore. Se trata de predicción simple: cada dos años la cantidad de transistores en un circuito integrado se multiplicará por dos. Básicamente es una ley que predice la potencia de los chips del futuro, indica qué podemos esperar de los fabricantes. Esta ley fue escrita en 1965, hace mas de 50 años. Se ha cumplido? más o menos. - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 14
15 - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 15
16 Año Transistores Ley de Moore Transistores 6E+09 5E+09 4E+09 3E+09 Transistores 2E+09 1E Arquitectura de Computadoras - 16
17 Evolución de las computadoras - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 17
18 Evolución de las computadoras - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 18
19 - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 19
20 - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 20
21 The Computer Revolution Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moore s Law Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines Computers are pervasive - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 21
22 Classes of Computers Personal computers General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff Server computers Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 22
23 Classes of Computers Supercomputers High-end scientific and engineering calculations Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 23
24 The PostPC Era - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 24
25 The PostPC Era Personal Mobile Device (PMD) Battery operated Connects to the Internet Hundreds of dollars Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses Cloud computing Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC) Software as a Service (SaaS) Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud Amazon and Google - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 25
26 1.4 Components of a Computer Same components for all kinds of computer Desktop, server, embedded Five components: Processor: Data path & Control Memory Input & Output Input/output includes User-interface devices Display, keyboard, mouse Storage devices Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash Network adapters For communicating with other computers - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 26
27 The processor gets instructions and data from memory. Input writes data to memory, and output reads data from memory. Control sends the signals that determine the operations of the datapath, memory, input, and output. - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 27
28 Understanding Performance Algorithm Determines number of operations executed Programming language, compiler, architecture Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation Processor and memory system Determine how fast instructions are executed I/O system (including OS) Determines how fast I/O operations are executed - Arquitectura de Computadoras - 28
29 1.5 Generations of Computer ENIAC - background Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Eckert and Mauchly University of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 Too late for war effort Used until 1955
30 ENIAC - details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kw power consumption 5,000 additions per second
31 von Neumann/Turing Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952
32 Structure of von Neumann machine
33 IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers (storage in CPU) Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient
34 Structure of IAS detail
35 Commercial Computers Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II Faster More memory
36 IBM Punched-card processing equipment the 701 IBM s first stored program computer Scientific calculations the 702 Business applications Lead to 700/7000 series
37 Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al.
38 Transistor Based Computers Second generation machines NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines IBM 7000 DEC Produced PDP-1
39 Microelectronics Literally - small electronics A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections These can be manufactured on a semiconductor e.g. silicon wafer
40 Generations of Computer Vacuum tube Transistor Small scale integration on Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration - to ,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration , ,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration , ,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
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