ARM Processor and Memory Architecture. Goal: Turn on an LED

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1 ARM Processor and Memory Architecture Goal: Turn on an LED

2

3

4 Babbage Difference Engine

5 Analytical Engine Universal Computer

6 Running a "Program" Fetch Instruction Decode Instruction Execute Instruction Clock

7 Package on Package Broadcom 2865 ARM Processor Samsung 4Gb SDRAM

8 Memory used to store both instructions and data Storage locations are accessed using 32-bit addresses Maximum addressable memory is 4 GB Memory Map Address refers to a byte (8-bits)

9 Memory Map 512 MB Actual Memory

10 ARM Architecture / Floor Plan Memory ADDR + Registers r15 r14 r13 r12 r11 r10 r9 r8 r7 r6 r5 r4 r3 r2 r1 r0 ALU INST DATA Registers hold 32-bit words ADDR Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) operates on 32-bit words

11 Instruction Fetch Memory pc=r15 Registers INST + DATA ADDR ALU r15 holds the program counter (pc) ADDR

12 Instruction Fetch Memory pc=r15 Registers INST ADDR + pc DATA ALU INST = Memory[ADDR] ADDR Addresses and instructions are 32-bit words

13 Instruction Fetch Memory r15=pc+4 Registers INST pc+4 ADDR + pc DATA ALU Determine address of next instruction Why pc+4? ADDR

14 Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

15 add r0, r1, r2 Memory r0 = r1 + r2 Registers INST ADDR + r2 DATA r1 ALU r0 ALU operates on 32-bit words ADDR

16 Add Instruction Meaning (defined as math or C code) r0 = r1 + r2 Assembly language (result is leftmost register) add r0, r1, r2 Machine code (more on this later) E

17 # Assemble (.s) into 'object' file (.o) % arm-none-eabi-as add.s -o add.o # Create binary (.bin) % arm-none-eabi-objcopy add.o -O binary add.bin # Find size (in bytes) % ls -l add.bin -rw-r--r--+ 1 hanrahan staff 4 add.bin # Dump binary in hex % hexdump add.bin : e0

18 Value (#1) stored in INST Memory + Registers 1 INST DATA ADDR r1 ALU r0 add r0, r1, #1 ADDR

19 Memory + Registers 1 INST DATA ADDR ALU r0 mov r0, #1 ADDR

20 VisUAL

21 Conceptual Questions 1. Suppose your program starts at 0x8000, what assembly language program will jump to and start executing instructions at that location. 2. All instructions are 32-bits. Can you mov any 32-bit constant value to a register using the mov instruction? 3. What are some advantages of always using 32-bits for instructions, addresses, and data?

22 Load and Store Instructions

23 ADDR = r1 DATA = Memory[ADDR] Memory Registers INST + DATA ADDR r1 ALU ldr r0, [r1] ADDR

24 r0 = DATA Memory Registers INST + DATA ADDR ALU r0 ldr r0, [r1] ADDR

25 DATA = r0 Memory Registers INST + r0 DATA ADDR ALU str r0, [r1] ADDR

26 ADDR = r1 Memory[ADDR] = DATA Memory Registers INST + DATA ADDR r1 ALU str r0, [r1] ADDR

27

28 Turning on an LED

29 General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Pins 54 GPIO Pins

30 Computers have Peripherals that Interface to the World GPIO Pins are Peripherals

31

32 Connect LED to GPIO V 1k GND 1 -> 3.3V 0 -> 0.0V (GND)

33 GPIO Pins are called Peripherals Peripherals are Controlled by Special Registers "Peripheral Registers"

34 Memory Map GB Peripheral registers are mapped into address space Memory-Mapped IO (MMIO) MMIO space is above physical memory Ref: BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf 512 MB

35 General-Purpose IO Function GPIO Pins can be configured to be INPUT, OUTPUT, or ALT0-5 Bit pattern Pin Function 000 The pin in an input 001 The pin is an output 100 The pin does alternate function The pin does alternate function The pin does alternate function The pin does alternate function The pin does alternate function The pin does alternate function 5 3 bits required to select function

36 GPIO Function Select Register GPIO 9 GPIO 8 GPIO 7 GPIO 6 GPIO 5 GPIO 4 GPIO 3 GPIO 2 GPIO 1 GPIO 0 Function is INPUT, OUTPUT, or ALT0-5 8 functions requires 3 bits to specify 10 pins per 32-bit register (2 wasted bits) 54 GPIOs pins requires 6 registers

37 GPIO Function Select Registers Addresses Watch out for Manual says: 0x7E Replace 7E with 20: 0x Ref: BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf

38 // Turn on an LED via GPIO 20 // FSEL2 = 0x mov r0, #0x orr r0, #0x orr r0, #0x mov r1, #1 // 1 indicates OUTPUT str r1, [r0] // store 1 to 0x

39

40 GPIO Function SET Register C : GPIO SET0 Register : GPIO SET1 Register Notes 1. 1 bit per GPIO pin pins requires 2 registers

41 // SET1 = 0x c mov r0, #0x orr r0, #0x orr r0, #0x c mov r1, #1 lsl r1, #20 // bit 20 = 1<<20 str r1, [r0] // store 1<<20 to 0x c // loop forever loop: b loop

42 // SET0 = 0x c mov r0, #0x orr r0, #0x orr r0, #0x c mov r1, #1 lsl r1, #20 // bit 20 = 1<<20 str r1, [r0] // store 1<<20 to 0x c

43 # What to do on your laptop # Assemble language to machine code % arm-none-eabi-as on.s -o on.o # Create binary from object file % arm-none-eabi-objcopy on.o -O binary on.bin

44 # What to do on your laptop # Insert SD card - Volume mounts % ls /Volumes/ BARE Macintosh HD # Copy to SD card % cp on.bin /Volumes/BARE/kernel.img # Eject and remove SD card

45 # # Insert SD card into SDHC slot on pi # # Apply power using usb console cable. # Power LED (Red) should be on. # # Raspberry pi boots. ACT LED (Green) # flashes, and then is turned off # # LED connected to GPIO20 turns on!! #

46 Concepts Memory stores both instructions and data Bits, bytes, and words; bitwise operations Different types of ARM instructions ALU Loads and Stores Branches GPIOs, peripheral registers, and MMIO

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