MC68000 MICROPROCESSOR STAND ALONE EDUCATIONAL BOARD HENG POH XUAN

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1 MC68000 MICROPROCESSOR STAND ALONE EDUCATIONAL BOARD HENG POH XUAN This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics) Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang JUNE, 2012

2 vi ABSTRACT The Motorola is a 16/32-bit CISC microprocessor core designed and it has become a learning tool in most universities in the world due to its simplicity, flexibility, and performance. It is the first member of the successful 32-bit M68k family of microprocessors and was introduced in It is generally software forward compatible with the rest of the line despite being limited to a 16-bit wide external bus. The aim of the project is to design a stand-alone MC68000 development board that can be used in education and short courses. The system is equipped with several input/output devices such as keypad, LED, LCD, DIP switch, 7-segment display, dot matrix, DC motor, multi-segment display and traffic light display. In addition, the system has built-in programming code for user to test the system functionality. In order to train the user, the system also allows the user to keyin the code manually into the system to test its I/O device.

3 vii ABSTRAK Motorola adalah teras mikropemproses CISC 16/32-bit dan ia telah menjadi alat pembelajaran dalam kebanyakan universiti di dunia disebabkan kesederhanaannya, fleksibiliti dan prestasi. Ia adalah anggota pertama berjaya dalam 32-bit m68k keluarga mikropemproses dan telah diperkenalkan pada tahun 1979.Ia secara umumnya perisian mengemukakan serasi dengan selebihnya walaupun terhad kepada bas 16-bit luar luas. Tujuan projek ini adalah untuk merekabentuk papan pembangunan MC68000 yang boleh digunakan dalam pendidikan dan kursus jangka pendek. Sistem ini dilengkapi dengan beberapa jenis input / output komponen seperti 4x4 papan kekunci, LED, LCD, suis DIP, 7 segmen paparan, dot matriks, motor DC, paparan pelbagai segmen dan paparan lampu trafik. Di samping itu, sistem ini mempunyai kod pemprograman terbina dalam untuk pengguna menguji kefungsian sistem. Untuk melatih pengguna, sistem ini juga membenarkan pengguna memasukkan kod secara manual ke dalam sistem untuk menguji I / O komponen.

4 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDIXES i ii iii iv v vi vii viii xii xiv xv xvii 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem Statement Objectives Scope of Project Thesis Outline 5

5 ix 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Literature Review on Educational Board MINI 11 Microcontroller Development 7 Board for SCL Approach A Multidisciplinary Educational Board 8 System for Microcontrollers Universal Development Board for Education 9 in Embedded Systems Designing a Multi-Processor Education 10 Board for High-Performance Embedded Processing Learning Embedded Systems with Multi- 11 Microcontroller Evaluation Tool A Microcontroller Laboratory Hardware 12 Platform for the Academic Environment: The UDM-EVB Development of a Microcontroller 13 Laboratory Facility for Directing Students towards Application Oriented Projects Design Based Tutorials for System-on-Chip 14 Teachings 2.3 Conclusion 14 3 HARDWARE DESIGN Introduction Hardware Development System Board of the MC68000 Educational 17 Board Power Supply Module Clock Circuit Module Reset Circuit Module Memory Module 21

6 x Read/Write Control Bus Module Application board of MC68000 Educational 23 Board Address Allocation for Application Board LED Module Segment Display Module Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Direct Current Motor Bar Graph Multi Segment Display ways DIP Switches Keypad 34 4 SOFTWARE DESIGN Introduction Software Development Tools Software Approach Microprocessor Testing LED Module Testing Segment Testing Bar Graph Display Testing Keypad Module Testing LCD Module Testing Motor Module Testing Multi-Segment Module Testing DIP Switch Module Testing Dot Matrix Module Testing 50 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Introduction System Board Testing Application Testing Testing for LED Module 55

7 xi Testing for 7-Segment Module Testing for DIP Switch Module Testing for Bar Graph Module Testing for Keypad Module Testing for LCD Testing for DC Motor Module Testing for Multi-Segment Display 63 Module Testing for Dot Matrix Module 65 6 CONCLUSION Conclusion Recommendation Costing and Commercialization 70 REFERENCES 71 APPENDIX A 73 APPENDIX B 79 APPENDIX C 87

8 xii LIST OF FIGURE FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 System Block Diagram Educational Board System block diagram Architecture of an universal development board for 9 different microcontroller families. 2.4 The System level view of the board System Block diagram Completed Training Project System Block Diagram Block Diagram of System Board Power Supply Module Clock Circuit Module Reset Circuit Module Memory Module R/W Control Bus Module Address Decoder of Application Board LED Circuit Connections Segment Display Module Dot Matrix Module Liquid Crystal Display Module Direct Current Motor Circuit Diagram Bar Graph Circuit Diagram Multi-Segment Circuit Diagram ways DIP Switches circuit connection Keypad Schematic Diagram Notepad ASM68K Assembler Universal IC Writer Software Flow of the operating system 39

9 xiii 4.5 Free LED Running Connection Circuit Flow Chart of LED Testing Flow Chart of 7-Segment Testing Flow Chart of Bar Graph Testing Flow Chart of Keypad module Testing Flow chat of LCD Module Testing Flow Chart of DC motor Testing Flow Chart of Multi-Segment Testing Flow Chart of DIP Switch Testing Flow chart of Dot Matrix Module Testing Flow Chart of Testing Modules Testing Program of LED module Testing Program of 7-segment module Testing Program of DIP switch module Testing Program of Bar Graph Module Truth Table Button A is pressed Button A is released Button 5 is pressed Testing program of LCD Testing Program of DC motor module Testing Program of Multi-Segment Module Testing Program of Dot Matrix Module Plan View of the MC68000 Educational Board 67

10 xiv LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Address Allocation Description of Data Bits for Keypad 35

11 xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CSIC LED LCD DIP I/O MACSS CPU RAM ROM DC UMP SCL EBS PC ARM FPGA JTAG IDE UDM EVB SoC SRAM SDRAM VHDL Complex Instruction Set Computers Light Emitted Diode Liquid Crystal Display Dual-In-Line Package Input and Output Motorola Advanced Computer System on Silicon Central Processing Unit Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Direct Current University Malaysia Pahang Student Central Learning Educational Board System Personal Computer Advanced RISC Machine Field Programmable Gate Array Joint Test Action Group Integrated Development Environment University Detroit Mercy Evaluation Board System on Chip Static Random Access Memory Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory VHSIC Hardware Description Language

12 xvi A/D D/A CLK TTL AS* R/W* UDS* LDS* SPST EEPROM PCB SCL PWM Analog to Digital Digital to Analog Clock Transistor-Transistor Logic Address Strobe Read/Write Upper Data Strobe Lower Data Strobe Single-Pole Single-Throw Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Printed Circuit Board Student Centre Learning Pulse Width Modulation

13 xvii LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE A Program 73 B Schematic Circuit Diagram 79 C Output Result of Application Board 87

14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The rapid spread of microprocessor in society has both simplified and complicated our lives. Whether rely on a computer at work, school, or home, most of us have used a computer at one point or another. Microprocessors are also used in other advanced electronic systems, such as computer printers, automobiles, and jet airliners. The microprocessor is the combination of solid state technology development and the advancing computer technologies which came together in the early 1970s. With the low cost of a device and the flexibility of a computer, microprocessor is a product which performs both control and processing functions. Microprocessor is an incorporated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It comprises thousands or even millions of transistor which are interlinked via superfine traces of aluminium. The transistors work together to store and control data so that the microprocessor can execute a comprehensive variety of effective function. The first microprocessor for Motorola is MC6800 with 4000 transistor was

15 2 introduced in 1974 and it was followed by various version of 6800 family such as 6802, 6808, 6803, 6809, and Later on, more advanced family processors were brought in such as 68008, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, and to compete with the emergency of Intel processor [1]. The MC68000 microprocessor is known as MC68k with 16 bits data and can be operated with 32 bits (16/32 bits) was introduced in 1979 by MACSS (Motorola Advanced Computer System on Silicon). It consists of almost 70,000 transistors and it is capable of bearing multitasking and relevant for high level language. MC68000 uses Von Neumann architecture to produce a simple and flat memory map. Originally, it is designed for the use in household products but afterward it is used for the design of computer like the Apple Macintosh, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST [1]. The microprocessor is the heart of computer and generally knows as CPU or central processing unit, the master controller of all operations that can be performed. It is an intelligent processing system which able to perform certain job in response to given input through the data that have been stored. In order to enable a microprocessor to function, it is basically need of assisting components such as memory unit like Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory, input devices like keypad, and output device like 7-segment [2]. The MC68000 stand-alone Educational board has been designed to assist the teaching of microprocessor course, where it interface with multi range of input and output device such as Dual-In-Line Package switch, keypad, Light Emitted Diode, 7- segment Display, bar graph, Liquid Crystal Display, Direct Current motor, dot matrix and so on. In addition, the MC68000 Educational board has built-in programming code for user to test the functionality and allows the user to key-in the code manually into the system to test its I/O devices.

16 3 1.2 Problem Statement There are many universities in the world, including UMP which offers the knowledge of microprocessor. According to the latest survey, more than half of the total student in Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering are having problem in understanding program structure and developing hardware. Likewise, the conventional technique to design the educational board is very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, it is essential to provide or allow the younger generation to discover the knowledge and skills by offering them a chance to build their own intelligent system by providing a simple education guidance platform. 1.3 Objectives The aim of the project is to design a stand-alone MC68000 development board that can be used in education and short courses.

17 4 1.4 Scope of Project The scope of this project is: To develop the stand-alone and portable hardware systems by using MC68000 Microprocessor. To develop a wide range application board with various form of input and output devices. To develop a simple operating system so that a short code can be programmed manually into the system.

18 5 1.5 Thesis Outline This thesis consists of 6 chapters. In chapter 1, project will be explained in a general form which including the problem statement, objectives, and scope of this project. For Chapter 2 which consisting of the literature review of this project. This chapter will discuss and review the journals or conferences of MC68000 microprocessor Educational Board system; Microcontroller based on Educational Board system with variable types of input and output devices, and software is being used. Follow on will be Chapter 3 that is focused on hardware design explanation. The explanation will be given separately according to the function of the board. It will be given in a more technical way and specific terms. Testing method will also include in this part. For chapter 4, software development is discussed in detail. More explanation will be given by using subroutine function to optimize the algorithms. Next, Chapter 5 will discuss about the results that been obtained from several tests. The strength and the weakness of MC68000 microprocessor Educational Board will be discussed based on the analysis from the results. Conclusion based on the project will be included in chapter 6. A few suggestions for further development of this project will be placed in chapter 5. Perhaps, improvement for this project can be included in Chapter 5 too.

19 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction There are several researches and studies of Educational Board have been discussed in this chapter. In literature study, different microprocessor and microcontroller, software interfacing, strength and weakness of Educational board will be discussed in detail. Based on these wide ranges of research, the Microprocessor Stand alone educational board will be developed and designed.

20 7 2.2 Literature on Educational Board below. There is several research papers had referred and summarized as shown in MINI 11 - Microcontroller Development Board for SCL Approach In [3], it is summarized that MINI-11 development board for M68HC11 microcontroller is designed specifically for teaching purpose, thus saving time from developing the development board. MINI-11 consists of a microcontroller and the basic circuits. Figure 2.1 show the system block diagram. In addition, a simple 2-way DIP switch was used to select the bootstrap mode and expanded mode. It equips with an easy-to-use integrated software development environment utility program such as test editor, cross assembler, and Hyper-Terminal. This project is written in assembly language and stored in ROM. The basic function of monitor program is to read user s input from keyboard and determines which procedures to execute, and then send to the development for execution. Figure 2.1 System Block Diagram

21 A Multidisciplinary Educational Board System for Microcontrollers Dimosthenis [4] says that building the development system is a time consuming procedure and the professional development system are often costly, potentially unsafe, easily damage, or difficult to operate. So, it has step toward to current effort proposes the instructive, user-friendly, flexible of functions of a custom-built educational board systems (EBS) for microcontrollers. The heart of EBS is the M68HC908GP32 microcontroller. The freeware integrated development environment (ICS08), the variety of the embedded subsystems (PWM, ADC, etc) and the availability of the embedded software (MONITOR) that provides direct connection with a computer consisted of the basic for choosing the recommended 8-bit microcontroller unit. Figure 2.2 show the block diagram of educational board. The advantages of this project are user friendly, portable, and upgradeable. In addition, the Educational Board System (EBS) also is a low cost system and easy to be assemble. Figure 2.2 Educational Board System block diagram

22 Universal Development Board for Education in Embedded Systems Alternately, [5], Andrei Drumea states that students have to work with different types of development board in order to learn other kind of embedded system. Therefore, an idea had come out which use the same set of peripherals on a motherboard and to plug in a daughterboard with a specific microcontroller and its associated circuitry. In this case, mother board consists of necessary peripherals for standard embedded systems application as shown in figure 2.3. While for the daughter boards, each consists of different microcontroller such as Microchip PIC16F876, Atmel ATMega128, and Texas Instruments MSP430F2013. In each daughterboard also contain clock circuit with crystal, reset circuit and programming connector. Each controller has its own development environment, the MPLAB for Microchip PIC16F876, AVR Studio for Atmel ATMega128 and Embedded Workbench KickStart for Texas Instruments MSP430F2013. All the programmes are written in C language. The strength of this universal board is student can learn different type of microcontroller by just plug in the daughter board to the motherboard as well as explore to the different development environment and gain the knowledge. In addition, the solution is economical because of its flexibility to replace the daughters board. Figure 2.3 Architecture of a universal development board

23 Designing a Multi-Processor Education Board for High- Performance Embedded Processing In [6] today market, it is hard to satisfy function requirement of high performance embedded systems by using one microprocessor. Thus, to defeat the inconsistency among education and community requirement, a multi-processor education board includes two ARM Atmel AT91SAM9260 processors and one programmable FPGA is designed. System level view of the board is shown in figure 2.4. The experiment platform can divide into hardware platform and software platform. For hardware platform, the PC connects to the education board through a JTAG cable. The PC installs ARM development tools used to write and compile ARM programs. For the software development environment, ARM ADS and Xilinx ADS are used. The software installed in the logic analyzer is the Xilinx FPGA dynamic probe software. These software tools can be used to generate bit-stream, download bit-stream, and do in-circuit debugging. The advantage of this educational board is students learn the fundamental techniques of on-chip and off-chip communications by doing these experiments. The limitation of this board is it doesn t contain any application module for student to explore it. Figure 2.4 The System level view of the board

24 Learning Embedded Systems with Multi-Microcontroller Evaluation Tool This paper [7] summarized that the importance of microcontrollers course in education syllabus and the design of multi microcontroller evaluation tool that is based on 8-bit microcontroller Philips P89C51RD2HBA, Microchip PIC 16F877 and Freescale MC68HC11. As usual, a standard development board should contain all basic circuit and some input/output application to make it function as shown in figure 2.5. A new technology ZigBee is using to enable user to load and execute the file. Every microcontroller has its own monitor program pre-program in internal and external memory. Figure 2.5 System Block diagram The program has divided into two stages which is monitor program development and the IDE program development. The whole interfacing between a computer and the evaluation tool are controlled by the monitor program. This project was written in Assembly language and stored in ROM.

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