Hardware. ( Not so hard really )

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1 Hardware ( Not so hard really )

2 Introduction to Computers What is a computer? Why use a computer anyway? Do they have limitations? What s next?

3 A bit of history Mechanical Early Abacus Slide Rule (John Napier) Adding and Subtracting machine (Pascal) Multiplying Machine (von Leibnitz)

4 A bit more History Sophisticated Mechanical 1820 Difference Engine (Babbage) Designed to calculate polynomials of the form x2+3x+20 to 6 decimal places 1840 Analytical Engine (Babbage) Machine to calculate any arithmetic operation. Important idea was that it could store the series of operations to be made (elementary program). Unable to be built because technology required was too advanced.

5 Even more history Electronic 1939 Electronic Computer (Atanasoff) Solved small systems of linear equations. 300 vaccuum tubes Eniac (Eckert, Mauchly) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. Stored program was used. > 18,000 vacuum tubes used.

6 Nearly there Transistor Based Second Generation The invention of the transistor replaced the vacuum tubes but were much smaller and required less power. Third Generation The transistor was replaced by the integrated circuit. Reduction in size, increase in speed, and reduction of power Fourth Generation Large Scale Integration. Whole microprocessors on a single chip.

7 Modern times Powerful CPUs Multiple CPUs Networking Clusters

8 Towards 3000 Where are computers heading? Where is the technology heading? What is being done at Griffith?

9 A first look at a computer Computers do not think. Data Computer Information The computer needs the data in a form that it can understand.

10 Data representation The processing in the computer and the processing instructions with the data is stored in the memory. The memory is made up of millions of tiny transistor circuits. The transistor circuits act as tiny switches. The switches can be either ON or OFF. ON is 5V and is represented by a 1. aside: 3.3V, 1.2V as well OFF is 0V and is represented by a 0.

11 A bit of information This is a binary (base 2) system. Each 1 or 0 is called a bit (binary digit) Therefore the computers requires its world to be represented as binary. All inputs, outputs, and processing instructions must be represented as binary in the computer.

12 Binary Base 2 Written as a b following the word eg 10b. Counts from 0 to 1 before requiring another column. Each column is significant since it 2 times the previous column. 1b = 1 decimal 10b = 2 decimal 100b = 4 decimal

13 It counts Dec Binary

14 It counts Dependant upon powers of = 1b = = 10b = = 100b = 4 2 n = 1 with n zeros in binary.

15 A bit of humour (perhaps) There are 10 types of people that understand binary : Those that do And Those that don t

16 Binary to decimal 101b= (1 x 2 2 ) + (0 x 2 1 ) + (1 x 2 0 ) = (4) + (0) + (1) = 5 (decimal)

17 Decimal to Binary divide the decimal by 2 until the result is 0. the remainder from each division gives the binary result. the binary number is built from the right.

18 Example 53 = b division result remainder 53 / RHS 26 / / / / / LHS

19 Hexadecimal Large binary numbers can be too unwieldy for humans to use. It is easier to group the binary numbers into the more manageable size of 4 bits. Hexadecimal is base 16. i.e. 24 = 16h. Written as an h following the number or a 0x preceding the number eg 23h or 0x23. Counts from 0 to F before requiring another column. Each column is significant since it 16 times the previous column.

20 Hex counts too! Decimal Hexadecimal A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10

21 The power of the hex Dependant upon powers of = 1h = = 10h = = 100h = = 1000h = n = 1 with n zeros in hexadecimal.

22 Binary / Hex conversions Binary to hex b A F 2 3 h Hex to binary A F 2 3 h b

23 Dec / hex conversions Hex to dec FA2h = (F x 16 2 ) + (A x 16 1 ) + (2 x 16 0 ) = (15 x 256) + (10 x 16) + (2 x 1) = (3840) + (160) + (2) = 4002 Hex to dec

24 Dec / hex conversions cont Hex to dec find the highest power of 16 that divides the decimal number to give a number less than 16. divide the remainder by the next lowest power of 16 etc the result of each division gives the hexadecimal digit. 12 = 12 * 1 = Ch 18 = 1*16 + 2*1 = 12h 128 = 8*16 + 0*1 = 80h 253 = 15* *1 = FDh

25 ASCII Codes (ANSI X3.4) DEL ~ } { z y x w v u t s r q p 7 o n m l k j i h 9 f e d c b a ' 6 - ^ ] \ [ Z Y X W V U T S R Q P 5 O N M L K J I H G F E D C B 4? > = < ; : /. -, + * ) ( ' & % $ # ''! space 2 US RS GS FS ESC SUB EM CAN ETB SYN NAK DC4 DC3 DC2 DC1 DEL 1 Sl SO CR FF VT LF HT BS BEL ACK ENQ EOT ETX STX SOH NUL 0 F E D C B A *

26 Extended ASCII Codes

27 Conceptual Computer Application Software Operating System Hardware

28 Hardware: Model

29 Memory - Ram Data in (write) Clock (synchronous) FF Data out (read) A single flip-flop does not hold enough information. Therefore memory is a large collection of flip-flops. eg. 8 x bits = 8 Meg. Memory arranged into more manageable sizes. Bytes or words Data In Data Out Clock

30 Memory Sizes A BYTE is a collection of 8 bits. A WORD is machine dependant and is usually 16 or 32 or 64 bits. 1K is 1,024 bytes. 1M is 1024K bytes 1G is 1024M bytes

31 Read Memory Address Bus Data Bus Read / Write Lines Memory Address passed to memory on the address lines (BUS). A read command is issued. Memory puts the contents of the byte on the data bus.

32 Write Memory Address Bus Memory Address passed to memory on the address lines (BUS). Data Bus Read / Write Lines A write command is issued. The data on the data bus is written to the memory.

33 CPU Irv Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software

34 Program Execution ADDRESS INSTRUCTION DATA 2000 BB Fetch instruction A Decode Fetch data if required A 8B FB Execute 5. Point to next instruction 200B 88 07

35 Storage Disk Type Platters Heads Cylinders Sectors Block Size (bytes) Speed (rpm) Seek Time (msec) Latency (msec) Transfer Rate (bytes/sec) 3.5 floppy K 100MB Zip M 4.3GB HDD M 20.4GB HDD K M DVD 1 1 spiral var 2352 var 250 var 2.5MB Irv Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software

36 Storage: HDD

37 Storage: HDD

38 Storage: CD Irv Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software CDR CDRW

39 Storage: CD CD HDD Irv Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software

40 Storage: DVD

41 Storage: Raid Level 0: Data Striping at block level Level 1: Disk Mirroring Level 3: Same as level 0 but uses parity disk Level 5: Data striping and parity at byte level

42 Input: Keyboard A To computer

43 Input: Mouse

44 Output: Monitor

45 Output: CRT Phosphor Dot Electron Gun X & Y Deflection Plates Screen

46 Output: LCD

47 Computer System Irv Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software

48 Computer System: Motherboard

49 Real Computer System

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