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1 Computers History How to make one from marbles Moore s s Law Sohaib Ahmad Khan Early History: Abacus In use since 3 B.C. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square roots, cube roots Not really a computer, but rather a computing aid Still in use today 6

2 Early History: Napier Bones Circa 6s Multiplications and divisions converted into additions Predecessor to the slide rule 6 From Computing Aids to Computers What is a computer? Input Processing Output

3 Jacquard Loom - A mechanical device that influenced early computer design Intricate textile patterns were prized in France in early 8s. Jacquard s loom (85-6) used punched cards to allow only some rods to bring the thread into the loom on each shuttle pass. Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College Sheets of punched cards set the pattern of the weave Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

4 How Can You Make Your Own Computer? How to make your own computer How to make an adder? Because an adder can be used to make a multiplier To keep things simple, lets talk BINARY st st number 2 nd nd number Result Carry

5 Two Switches and AND Operation Valve Valve 2 Water in Water out st number 2 nd number Result Bulb Power Source Other Operations with two switches OR Operation XOR Operation st number 2 nd number Result st number 2 nd number Result

6 -Bit Binary Adder st number 2 nd nd number Result Carry Input Input 2 AND Carry XOR Result Summary Using adders, I can make a large computer I can make adders using switches The output of one switch should be able to toggle another switch Because I may want to use lots of switches in a cascade

7 The Bunta Switch Input Output The Bunta AND Gate Input Input 2 Output

8 The Bunta Argument A computer is just a whole lot of adders put together I can make a an adder using buntas Therefore, I can make a computer using buntas The Bunta Computer Pentium 4 has about 4 million switches in it Suppose I can make a bunta switch in a 25 cm 2 area Lets put 3% overhead for inter-connections between switches Then I need.3 billion cm 2, or 3, m 2 area Other Ideas: I can also make a computer from water pipes and valves or light switches or

9 Charles Babbage Babbage is known as the father of modern computing because he was the first person to design a general purpose computing device. In 822, Babbage began to design and build a small working model of an automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a "difference engine". Example: It could find the first 3 prime numbers in two and a half minutes. In the Science Museum, London Source: Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College The Analytical Engine The machine was to operate automatically, by steam power, and would require only one attendant. source: Slide Credit: Prof Slotterbeck, Hiram College

10 Curta Pocket Calculators Mechanical Calculator that can do complex operations Circa 96 s Went out of production with the advent of the electronic calculator

11 Advent of Modern Computing Vacuum Tubes Transistors ENIAC (Electrical lectrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator), built by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Often called the first computer (that was electronic, programmable, general purpose and digital).

12 ENIAC 8, vacuum tubes and weighed 3 tons Duration of an average run without some failure was only a few hours, although it was predicted to not run at all! When it ran, the lights in Philadelphia dimmed! ENIAC Stored a maximum of twenty -digit decimal numbers. Input: IBM card reader Output: Punched cards, lights ENIAC Programming required rewiring of the machine, Source:

13 Early Microprocessor Intel 88, 975, 45 transistors Moore s s Law Stated in 965 Not a real law The number of transistors on a chip roughly doubles every two years The cost of making a transistor on a chip roughly halves every two years

14

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16 The Pentium 4, which debuted in 2, sported 42 million transistors. Dualcore Itaniums have more than a billion. Credit: Intel ftp://download.intel.com/museum/moores_law/printed_materials/moores_law_backgrounder.pdf

17 ftp://download.intel.com/museum/moores_law/printed_materials/moores_law_2pg.pdf

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