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1 Embedded Systems Read pages

2 Definition of Embedded Systems Embedded systems Computer dedicated to serve specific purposes Many physical systems today use computer for powerful and intelligent applications digital camera, vehicle engine control, microwave oven, vending machine, robot, etc. As electrical and computer engineers, you may encounter jobs involving design and application of an embedded system more often (likely) than dealing with general purpose CPU and computers.

3 Structure of an Embedded System The fundamental structure of an embedded system is identical to a general purpose computer That is, a general purpose computer can be turned into an embedded system A special chip designed for the purpose is called microcontroller A number of microcontroller chips are commercially available specially designed for the embedding purpose Integrate CPU with other parts of a computer such as RAM, ROM, and I/O devices on a single chip Fundamentally it is a computer on a chip Extremely low cost - $1 ~ 2 for an 8051 chip

4 What is a Microcontroller? Microcontroller is a computer which is for specific applications, but not for general purpose computing Recall what the basic structure of a computer is? CPU including ALU and control unit Memory: RAM and ROM I/O: parallel and serial ports for date transfers A microcontroller is a CPU, and in addition, it is integrated with RAM, ROM and other devices Much smaller size in RAM Stores a fixed program in ROM Some data ports for physical-device interfaces - important Counter/timer for event recording or time keeping

5 The structure of a microcontroller Interrupt 8-bit µprocessor Bus including address, data and control ROM RAM Timer(s) /Counter UART Port A Port B Event counter Serial I/O Parallel I/O

6 Microcontroller Features Small size RAM for data storage Re-settable non-volatile program memory (EEPROM) It is a non-volatile program memory (data or instructions retained even when the power if off) Direct support for various input/output The cost varies according to the bits from 4-bit to 32-bit 16- and 32-bit cost $6 to $12 each The requirement, chip capability, and cost should all be evaluated for selecting the chip in the design of an embedded system SAB-C515-LN by Infineon Technologies is based on the 8051

7 Standard on Chip Peripheral for Microcontroller Parallel ports UART serial port - Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter The above is on chip for interfacing with peripheral devices Timer/Counters for counting the occurrence of events and for time keeping issue an interrupt These are standard peripheral devices in a microcontroller and are associated with some almost standard registers

8 Types of Registers Involved in the I/O Interface Each I/O interface contains three classes of storage space Data register pass or receive data of the interface device Status current status and activities of the device Control define the operation of data registers or interface devices Each is an addressable register use so-called memorymapped I/O Address the registers as if it is a memory location Usually take high-end addresses such as: FF0, FFFF0, or FFFFFFF0 Mapped I/O advantage?

9 Parallel Interface A Group of Registers Use Memory Locations Memory Mapped I/O Address ( 8 bits) F0 Port A Input F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 Port A Output Port A Direction Port B Input Port B Output Port B Direction Status Reg. Control Reg.

10 Input/Output Access One line for one bit shared by both I/O Read Di Input PAi Write D Q Q Output Write_DIR D Q Q

11 Function of the Registers Data register Pass or receive data of the interface device Control register Define the operation on the data register Status register Define the current status and activities of the registers (devices) Direction register (optional)

12 Serial Interface Physical Device CPU Serial Interface Transmission Lines Serial Interface Line Driver Line Driver Serial interface needs only two lines for communication The trade-off is a slow speed A microcontroller has the serial communication port for convenience

13 Serial Interface Register Structure use memory mapped I/O and same types of registers as in parallel Address (8 bits) E0 Shift Register Receive Buffer Serial Input D7 D0 E1 Transmit Buffer E2 E3 E4 Shift Register Status Register Control Register Clock-Divisor Register Serial Output

14 Asynchronous Serial Communication Data Format Serial data link is character oriented Information is transmitted as ASCII-encoded characters 7 8 bits Different states Idle state mark level (logical 1 level) Start bit space level (logical 0 level) Character bit one bit at a time Parity bit Stop bit mark level

15 Bit sequence of a character Mark level Start bit T Data bits One Character Stop bit Parity bit

16 Receiver Clock Timing Receiver clock timing is critical for obtaining the correct information Since communication is not synchronous, data sampling may not be exactly at the center of the bit Error between transmitter and receiver clock periods must be small With crystal-control clock, not a serious problem T + δt Sampling points E4 Clock-Divisor Register The clock-divisor register stores the value which divides the system clock to generate the required sampling frequency

17 Software Development take necessary steps Step 1: Define the addresses of all the registers: data, direction, status, and control registers (some microcontrollers have fixed addresses for those standard registers) Step 2: It is important to configure the direction and control registers according to the application Step 3: Develop programs for specific applications Microcontroller development system is available for developing the software Use high-level language such as C complier Simulate and debug the operation until the system works as desired

18 Wheeled mobile robot Pioneer P3-DX autonomous robot SJTU-OSU Robot Chair

19 An example embedded system control a three-wheel robot Turn left D/A converter - PWM D/A converter - PWM PA 7-4 PA 3-0 Port A D/A converter - PWM PB 7-4 Port B Turn right Stop Go PB 3 PB 3 PB 1 PB 0 Processor Bus Microcontroller Timer/Counter External Memory

20 Intel 8051 Microcontroller a Computer on Chip Developed in 1980 by Intel today there are many 8051 compatible microcontrollers such as Atmel ATMEGA32 New types of microcontrollers manufactured by 20 plus companies Architecture (everything in the following is on chip): - 8-bit microprocessor - 16-bit address bus - Can address 64K data memory and 64K program memory separately - On-chip 128 byte RAM - On-chip 4K bytes ROM - Four byte bi-directional input/output ports - UART serial port - Two 16-bit timers - Two-level interrupt priority

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