Chapter 1: Introduction. Oregon State University School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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1 Chapter 1: Introduction Prof. Ben Lee Oregon State University School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Contents 1.1 The Role of Computers in Modern Society 1.2 Spectrum of Computers and Their Processors 1.3 Objectives of this Course 1.4 Course Logistics 2 1

2 1.1 The Role of Computers in Modern Society 3 Embedded System Importance of desktops, servers, and laptops is unmistakable. But, we often overlook another facet of computers embedded systems! Embedded systems are designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, and more importantly, are embedded as a part of a complete device that often includes hardware and other mechanical parts. The meaning of embedded system has evolved - any system with a computer that is not a desktop or laptop! 4 2

3 Example Embedded Systems 5 Why Focus on Embedded System? More than 95% of devices with computers are embedded systems. They account for the most of the world s production of microprocessors! Therefore, understanding how they are programmed and how their internal structure is organized are essential for future engineers and computer scientists. 6 3

AGP bus Memory Controller (North Bridge) Channel 1 Channel 2 DRAM DRAM DIMM DRAM

4 1.2 Spectrum of Computers and Their Processors 7 Desktop System CPU! L1-D! L1-I L2 Cache! System bus Video RAM GPU! AGP bus Memory Controller (North Bridge) Channel 1 Channel 2 DRAM DRAM DIMM DRAM DIMM DIMM DRAM DRAM DIMM DRAM DIMM DIMM USB bus Controller (South Bridge) PCI bus Other buses Disk Adapter! Ethernet Adapter! 8 4

Embedded System System on Chip (SOC) Instruction Memory CPU Data Memory Designed to control devices. Emphasis of this course Lower performance, complexity, power, and cost.

Memories in the order of Megabytes (MB) e.g., Portable Media players, GPS, car infotainment systems, feature phones, etc. 9 Embedded or General-Purpose?

5 Embedded System System on Chip (SOC) Instruction Memory CPU Data Memory Designed to control devices. Emphasis of this course Lower performance, complexity, power, and cost. Low-end embedded system: 8-bit or 16-bit few to tens of MHz. Memories of tens to hundreds of Kilobytes (KB). High-end embedded systems: 32-bit processors clocked at several hundred MHz. Memories in the order of Megabytes (MB) e.g., Portable Media players, GPS, car infotainment systems, feature phones, etc. 9 Embedded or General-Purpose? Recently, a new class of mobile devices have emerged that saddle between embedded systems and general-purpose computers: Smartphones and pad/tablet devices with large memories, OS, graphics processor, and multi-cores. Thus, the line between general-purpose and embedded systems has become blurred! 10 5

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6 c i Objectives of this Course 11 Computing System Hierarchy Algorithm Return High-Level Language for (n=0; n<10; n++) sum+=n; Assembly Code FOR: clr r16 add r3, r16 inc r16 cpi r16, 10 brlt FOR NEXT:... Compiler Assembler Interface between software and hardware Machine Code Instruction Set Architecture PC Loader Program Memory SP Data Memory Emphasis of this course Microarchitecture IR Inst. Decoder Control Signals General Purpose Registers X Y Z ALU x i s 2 x y i FA s i Logic s 1 y s 0 c i c i M 12 6

7 Objectives of the Course Understand the interrelationship between hardware and software: These two topics are not distinct. This is the course where ECE and CS disciplines merge. Understanding the essence of these concepts makes both software and hardware designers better at what they do: Programmers can write better programs by understanding how processor execute their programs. Hardware designers can design better processors by understanding the operational requirements of programs. 13 Course Logistics 14 7

Logistics Instructor: Prof. Ben Lee Office: 3013 Kelley Engineering Center Tel: 7-3148 E-mail: benl@eecs.orst.edu Web: http://www.eecs.orst.edu/~benl/courses/ece375_w18.

8 Logistics Instructor: Prof. Ben Lee Office: 3013 Kelley Engineering Center Tel: Web: Textbook: - Computer Organization and Assembly Language: Embedded Systems Perspective, by Ben Lee (will be provided) - ATmega 128 Datasheet Office Hours: 2-3PM TR and by Appt. TAs: TBA Labs: Section 010: Tuesday 5:00PM - 6:50PM (Dearborn 208) Section 011: Tuesday 7:00PM - 8:50PM Section 012: Wednesday 5:00PM - 6:50PM Section 013: Thursday10:00AM - 11:50AM Section 014: Wednesday 10:00AM - 11:50AM 15 Grading Policy Midterm 25% Quizzes (2) 10% Laboratory (7) 30% Assignments (4) 10% Final Exam 25% 16 8

9 Course Outline (1) Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Assembly Language Fundamentals Introduction How Do We Speak the Language of the Machine Instruction Set Architecture Instruction Format A Pseudo-ISA Chapter 3: Computer Organization Fundamentals Introduction Memory Microoperations Organization of the Pseudo-CPU 17 Course Outline (2) Chapter 4: Atmel s AVR 8-bit Microcontroller, Part 1 - Assembly Programming Introduction General Characteristics Addressing Modes Instructions Assembly to Machine Instruction Mapping Assembler Directives Expressions Assembly Coding Techniques Mapping Between Assembly and High-Level Language Anatomy of an Assembly Program 18 9

10 Course Outline (3) Chapter 5: AVR 8-bit Microcontroller, Part 2 - Input/Output Ports Interrupts Timers/Counters USART Chapter 7: Digital Components Introduction Multiplexers Decoders Memory Elements Registers Memory Register File ALU 19 Course Outline (4) Chapter 8: AVR 8-bit Microcontroller, Part 3 Microarchitecture Microarchitecture Instruction Format Basic Datapath Components Multicycle Implementation Execution of More Complex Instructions Control Unit Design Pipeline Implementation 20 10

11 Questions? 21 11

PC I/O. May 7, Howard Huang 1

PC I/O. May 7, Howard Huang 1 PC I/O Today wraps up the I/O material with a little bit about PC I/O systems. Internal buses like PCI and ISA are critical. External buses like USB and Firewire are becoming more important. Today also