BASIC INTERFACING CONCEPTS

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1 Contents i SYLLABUS UNIT - I 8085 ARCHITECTURE Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, 8085 Processor Architecture, Internal Operations, Instructions and Timings, Programming the 8085-Introduction to 8085 Instructions, Addressing Modes and Programming Techniques with Additional Instructions. UNIT - II BASIC INTERFACING CONCEPTS Stacks and Subroutines, Interfacing Peripherals, Basic Interfacing Concepts-Interfacing Output Displays, Interfacing Input Keyboards. Interrupts-8085 Interrupts, Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259A) Direct Memory Access (DMA) - DMA Controller (Intel 8257), Interfacing 8085 with Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital Converters. UNIT - III INTERFACING PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES Programmable Peripheral Interface (Intel 8255A), Programmable Communication Interface (Intel 8251), Programmable Interval timer (Intel 8253 and 8254), Programmable Keyboard/Display Controller (Intel 8279), Serial and Parallel Bus Standards RS-232 C, IEEE-488. UNIT - IV INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS Introduction to Microcontrollers, 8051 Architecture, Instruction Set, Addressing Modes and Programming Techniques, Comparison of Various Families of 8-Bit Micro Controllers, System Design Techniques Interfacing of LCD, ADC, Sensors, Stepper Motor, Keyboard and DAC using Microcontrollers Communication Standards, Serial RS-232 and USB.

2 ii Contents UNIT - V MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS AND ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS Microprocessor Applications and Trends in Microprocessor Technology-8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit Microprocessors, Advanced Processor Architecture, Register Structure, Instruction Set, Addressing Modes of 8086, Features of Advanced Processors 80386, 80486, Pentium and Multi-Core Processors.

3 Contents iii microprocessors and interfacing FOR b.e. (o.u) Ii year ii semester (COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING) CONTENTS UNIT - I [8085 ARCHITECTURE] INTRODUCTION MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS Basic Terminology Used in Microprocessor and Microcontroller Literature Evolution of Microprocessor Microprocessor Capability Features of a Microprocessor Applications of Microprocessor Basic Components of a Microprocessor MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE Registers of 8085 Microprocessor INTERNAL OPERATIONS IN A MICROPROCESSOR Microprocessor Initiated Operations Internal Data Operations Externally Initiated Operations PIN DESCRIPTION OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR Features of 8085 Microprocessor

4 iv Contents 1.6 MICROPROCESSOR COMMUNICATION AND BUS TIMINGS Demultiplexing the Bus AD AD Generating the Control Signals INSTRUCTION AND DATA A FLOW Timing and Control Unit The Fetch Operation The Execute Cycle Machine Cycle and State Address and Data Transfer Instruction Formats in Instruction Formats Data Representation Operation Code (Opcode) Format TIMING DIAGRAM Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle Memory Read Machine Cycle I/O Read Machine Cycle Memory Write Machine Cycle I/O Write Machine Cycle INTA A Machine Cycle Bus Idle Machine Cycle Solved Problems PROGRAMMING THE Introduction to 8085 Instructions Data Transfer (Copy) Instruction Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Branch Control Instructions Stack, I/O and Machine Control Instructions

5 Contents v 1.10 ADDRESSING MODES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE GE PROGRAMMING Flow Chart Assembly Language Program Development Tools Assembler Directives of How to Write an Assembly Language Program Execution of Assembly Language Program in How MPU Makes Difference between the Opcode and Data Example Programs PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES WITH ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS Additional Data Transfer and Arithmetic Instructions Bit Data Transfer to Register Pairs Data Transfer (Copy) from Memory to Microprocessor Data Transfer (Copy) from the Microprocessor to Memory Arithmetic Operations Related to 16 Bits (or) Register Pairs Arithmetic Operations Related to Memory Logical Operations Rotate Logical Instructions Compare Logical Instructions Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Answers

6 vi Contents UNIT - II [BASIC INTERFACING CONCEPTS] STACK Stack in 8085 Microprocessor PUSH and POP Operations Instructions Related to Stack SUBROUTINES Instructions Related to Subroutine Call Instructions Return Instructions Return (RET) Execution Restart Instructions BASIC INTERFACING CONCEPTS Interfacing Peripherals Types of Interfacing Peripherals eripherals Peripheral I/O (Input/Output) Instructions IN Instruction and its Timing Diagram OUT Instruction and its Timing Diagram Device Selection and Data Transfer Address Decoding Techniques Input Interfacing Solved Problems INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) INTERFACING I/O Mapped (or) Peripheral Mapped I/O Interfacing Advantages and Disadvantages of I/O mapped interfacing Memory Mapped I/O Interfacing Advantages and Disadvantages of Memory Mapped Interfacing Comparison of Memory Mapped and I/O Mapped Interfacing

7 Contents vii 2.5 INTERFACING INPUT DEVICES Interfacing Matrix Keyboard with Microprocessor INTERFACING OUTPUT DISPLAYS (7 SEGMENT DISPLAY DEVICE) INTERRUPTS Interrupt and its Need Interrupt Signals of 8085 Microprocessor Classification of 8085 Interrupts Hardware Interrupts Software Interrupts Vectored and Non-Vectored Interrupts Maskable and Non-Maskable Interrupts Priority of Interrupts Hardware Interrupt Structure Interrupt Process Interrupt Programming Example Problems PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT CONTROLLER (8259A) Introduction and Need for PIC Features of 8259A PIC Pin Diagram of 8259A PIC Functional Block Diagram of 8259A PIC Priority Modes of 8259A Programming of 8259A Initialization Command Words (ICW) Operation Command Words (OCWS) Interfacing 8259A with 8085 Microprocessor DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA) TRANSFER SCHEME Modes of DMA Transfer Advantages of DMA Transfer ransfer

8 viii Contents 2.10 PROGRAMMABLE DMA CONTROLLER (INTEL 8257) Features of Pin Description of Functional Block Diagram of Operating Modes of DMA 8257 Controller Working of DMA Controller Interfacing DMA Controller 8257 with 8085 Microprocessor DMA Operation in 8085 using ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS Digital to Analog (D/A) Converters Types of Digital to Analog (D/A) Converters IC 1408 D/A Converter Features of IC Pin Diagram of IC Interfacing IC 1408 D/A Converter with the IC 0800 D/A Converter Pin Diagram and Pin Description of IC 0800 D/A Converter Interfacing IC 0800 D/A Converter with Analog to Digital Converters (A/D) Types of Analog to Digital (A/D) Converters IC 0801 A/D Converter IC 0808/0809 A/D Converter Pin Diagram of IC 0808/0809 A/D Converter Features of IC 0808/ Interfacing IC 0808/0809 A/D Converter with Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Answers

9 Contents ix UNIT - III [INTERFACING PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES] INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE DEVICES PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (INTEL 8255A) Features of Intel 8255A Pin Diagram of 8255A Functional Block Diagram of 8255A Operation Modes of 8255A Bit Set/Reset (BSR) Mode Input/Output (I/O) Mode Mode 0 : Simple I/O Mode Mode 1 : I/O Mode with Handshake Signals Mode 2 : Bidirectional I/O Port ort Interfacing 8085 Microprocessor Example Program SERIAL DATA A TRANSFER/SERIAL COMMUNICATION Classification of Serial Data Transfer ransfer Transmission Formats ormats Synchronous Data Transmission Asynchronous Data Transmission Comparison between Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transmission PROGRAMMABLE COMMUNICATION INTERFACE (INTEL 8251 AUSART) Need for 8251A USART Features of Intel 8251A Pin Diagram of Intel 8251A

10 x Contents Internal Architecture of 8251A Read/Write Control Logic Data Bus Buffer Modem Control Transmitter Section Receiver Section Programming of 8251A USART Mode Word Command Word Status Word Interfacing Intel 8251A with 8085 Microprocessor Example Programs PROGRAMMABLE INTERVAL TIMER (INTEL 8253) Features of Intel Pin Diagram and Internal Architecture of Data Bus Buffer Read/Write Logic Control Word Register egister Counter 0, Counter 1 and Counter Programming the Operating Modes of Example Programs PROGRAMMABLE INTERVAL TIMER (INTEL 8254) Features of Intel Pin Diagram of Intel Block Diagram of Intel Data Bus Buffer Read/Write Logic

11 Contents xi Control Word Register egister Counters Programming the Write Operation Read Operation Operating Modes of Interfacing Intel 8254 with 8085 Microprocessor Example Programs DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IC 8253 AND IC APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAMMABLE INTERVAL TIMERS PROGRAMMABLE KEYBOARD/DISPLA ARD/DISPLAY Y CONTROLLER (INTEL 8279) Features of Intel Basics of Keyboard Pin Diagram of Intel Block Diagram of Intel Keyboard Operating Modes Programming of Initializing the Status Word of Interfacing Intel 8279 with 8085 Microprocessor Interfacing Keyboard/Display Using STAND ANDARDS ARDS IN INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) INTERFACING CING Serial Data Transfer Standard-RS232C Pin Diagram and Signals of RS-232C Logic Levels of RS-232C Connectors

12 xii Contents Interfacing DTE and DCE Using RS-232C Connecting RS-232C Interface Characteristics of RS-232C Parallel Data Transfer Standard - IEEE-488GPIB Data Connections Handshaking Connections Interface Management Connections Connecting Devices The Listener The Talker The Controller Typical Small GPIB System Comparison between RS-232C and IEEE Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Answers UNIT - IV [INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS] INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER Comparison of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Evolution of Microcontrollers Advantages of Microcontrollers Applications of Microcontrollers MICROCONTROLLER Features of Internal Architecture of Pin Configuration of Programming Model of

13 Contents xiii The 8051 Oscillator and Clock CPU Timing Central Processing Unit (CPU) A and B Registers Program Status Word (PSW) Register Data Pointer (DPTR) Stack Pointer ointer Program Counter Scratch Pad Registers (R0 to R7) Special Function Registers (SFR) Internal Memory I/O PORT T STRUCTURES AND THEIR OPERATIONS TIONS Port ort 0 Configuration Port ort 1 Configuration Port ort 2 Configuration Port ort 3 Configuration MEMORY Y ORGANIZATION AND ITS EXPANSION Data Memory (Internal RAM) Program Memory (Internal ROM) External Memory Expanding the Program Memory Expanding the Data Memory TIMERS AND COUNTERS Timer/Counter Control Logic Timer Mode (TMOD) Register Timer Control (TCON) Register

14 xiv Contents Timer Modes of Operation Timer Mode Timer Mode Timer Mode Timer Mode Counter Modes of Operation Programming of 8051 Timers INTERRUPTS OF Interrupt Types of Interrupt Enable Register Interrupt Priority Register INSTRUCTION SET Data Transfer Instructions Internal Data Transfer Instructions External Data Transfer Instruction Data Exchange Instructions Arithemetic Instructions Addition Instructions Subtraction Instructions Multiplication Instruction Division Instruction Byte Manipulation Instructions Logical Instructions Rotate and Swap Instructions Boolean Variable Instructions Program Execution Transfer Instructions Unconditional Transfer Instructions Conditional Transfer Instructions

15 Contents xv Compare and Jump Instruction Iteration Control Instruction Interrupt Instruction ADDRESSING MODES Immediate Addressing Direct Addressing Register Addressing Register Indirect Addressing Base Register Plus Index Register Indirect Addressing Summary of Addressing Modes PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES WITH Directives Lines of Code Instruction Syntax Label Instructions Comments Simple Programs COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FAMILIES OF 8-BITS MICROCONTROLLERS SYSTEM DESIGN TECHNIQUES Seven Segment Displays Interfacing LCD Display Interfacing SENSOR INTERFACING WITH STEPPER MOTOR OR INTERFACING INTERFACING WITH KEYBOARD ADC AND DAC INTERFACING WITH ADC Interfacing DAC Interfacing (R/2R Type)

16 xvi Contents 4.16 INTERFACING COMMUNICATION STAND ANDARD ARD (RS-232) -232) UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB) Features of USB USB System USB Cable USB Host USB Device USB Hub SIMPLE PROGRAMS Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Answers UNIT - V [MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS AND ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS] MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS Temperature Control System Hex Keyboard Interface Stepper Motor Control System Traffic Light Control System D.C.C Motor Speed Control System Other Applications TRENDS IN MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY Bit Microprocessor Zilog Microprocessor Motorola Hitachi HD Bit Microprocessors Intel 8086/ Intel Intel Motorola MC

17 Contents xvii High End-High Performance Processors Intel Intel Intel Pentium Processor rocessor Intel Pentium Pro ro-p -Processor rocessor RISC Processors Single Chip Microcontrollers Intel MCS-51 Single Chip Family Motorola MC68HC11 Microcontroller Family INTRODUCTION TO O 8086 MICROPROCESSOR Features of 8086 Microprocessor Internal Architecture of Bus Interface Unit Execution Unit Register Organization of General Purpose Registers Pointer and Index Registers egisters Segment Registers Flag Registers Memory Organization of Memory Segmentation Generation of Physical Address Advantages of Segmented Memory ADDRESSING MODES OF Register and Immediate Addressing Modes Immediate Addressing Register Addressing

18 xviii Contents Memory Addressing Modes Direct Addressing Mode Indirect Addressing Mode Based Addressing Mode Indexed Addressing with Displacement Based Index Addressing I/O Port Addressing Fixed I/O Port Addressing Variable I/O Port Addressing Relative Addressing Mode String Addressing Mode Implied Addressing Mode INSTRUCTION SET OF Data Transfer Instructions General Purpose Data Transfer Instructions Special Address Transfer Instructions Flag Transfer Instructions Input-Output Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Addition Instructions Subtraction Instructions Multiplication Instructions Division Instructions Logical Instructions Shift Instructions Rotate Instructions Rotate Instructions without Carry Rotate Instructions with Carry (RCL/RCR)

19 Contents xix Branch Instructions Unconditional Branch Instructions Conditional Branch Instructions Iteration Control Instructions Processor Control Instructions Flag Control Instructions External Synchronization Instructions Interrupt Instructions String Manipulation Instructions Instruction Formats of THE MICROPROCESSOR Features of Microprocessor Pin Diagram of Microprocessor Internal Architecture of Register Organization of General Purpose Registers Segment Registers Instruction Pointer and Flag Registers Control Registers System Address Registers Debug and Test est Registers Operating Modes of Memory Organization in Addressing Modes of THE MICROPROCESSOR Features of Architecture of Pin Diagram of

20 xx Contents Register Organization of Extended Flag Register Memory System of COMPARISONS OF ADVANCED ANCED MICROPROCESSORS Comparison between and Microprocessor Comparison of 8086, 80286, and Microprocessors THE INTEL PENTIUM PROCESSOR Features of Pentium Processor Architecture of Pentium Processor rocessor Pin in Diagram of Pentium Processor Register Organization of Pentium Processor Branch Prediction in Pentium Processor Cache Memory in Pentium Processor Superscalar Architecture MULTICORE PROCESSORS Multiprocessor/Multicore systems Dual-Core Processor Advantages of Dual-Core Technology Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Answers LATEST UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS [April/May ] [New] [Main]... QP.1 - QP.2 [December ] [Supplementary]... QP QP.4.4

SYLLABUS UNIT - I 8086/8088 ARCHITECTURE AND INSTRUCTION SET

1 SYLLABUS UNIT - I 8086/8088 ARCHITECTURE AND INSTRUCTION SET Intel 8086/8088 Architecture Segmented Memory, Minimum and Maximum Modes of Operation, Timing Diagram, Addressing Modes, Instruction Set,