Microcontrollers. Principles and Applications. Ajit Pal +5 V 2K 8. 8 bit dip switch. P2 8 Reset switch Microcontroller AT89S52 100E +5 V. 2.

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1 Ajit Pal Microcontrollers Principles and Applications +5 V 2K 8 8 bit dip switch P2 8 Reset switch Microcontroller AT89S52 100E +5 V +5 V 2.2K 10 uf RST 7 Segment common anode LEDs P1(0-6) & P3(0-6) K 8 22 pf ADC 0804 SC P0 X1 XTAL P1.7 X2 RD Vin+ 22 pf P3.7 Op-Amp 27K +5 V +12 V 220 V 47K 10K D1 100K 2.2K LM 35 1K Heater

2 Microcontrollers

3 Microcontrollers Principles and Applications AJIT PAL Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur New Delhi

4 MICROCONTROLLERS: Principles and Applications Ajit Pal 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi

5 In the Loving Memory of My Parents

6 Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1. INTRODUCTION 1 17 Learning Objectives Historical Background Microprocessors versus Microcontrollers Microcontroller Features On-chip Oscillator Large Number of Special-purpose Registers Harvard Architecture On-chip Program Memory On-chip Data Memory On-chip I/O Ports Watchdog-Timer Reset Powerful Interrupt Structure Fast Context Switching Built-in ADC Built-in PWM Educational Need Hardware Design Software Design Hardware-Software Integration Survey of Microcontrollers Applications of Microcontrollers 16 Summary 16 Review Questions 17 Fill in the Blanks 17 Short Questions 17 vii xv xvii

7 viii Contents 2. ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTEL Learning Objectives On-chip Oscillator and CPU Timing Memory Organization Register Organization Multifunction I/O Ports ALU Capability of Reset Operation Power-on Reset Interrupt Structure The 8051 Family 35 Summary 36 Review Questions 37 Fill in the Blanks 37 Short Questions INSTRUCTION SET: VOCABULARY OF THE MACHINE Learning Objectives Data and Its Representation Instruction Formats Instruction Formats of Addressing Modes Addressing Modes of Organization of the Instruction Set Data Transfer Group Logic Group Arithmetic Group Control Transfer Group 71 Summary 78 Review Questions 80 Fill in the Blanks 80 Short Questions ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING Learning Objectives Software Design Steps Problem Specification Design Coding Testing and Debugging Documentation and Maintenance Why Assembly Language Programming? Assembly Language Format 89

8 Contents ix 4.4 Simple Sequence Programs Multi-byte Addition Code Conversion Binary to BCD Code Conversion Program Looping Multi-byte Addition Checksum Byte Calculation Delay Generation Searching Sorting Subroutine Linkage Parameter Passing Using Registers Parameter Passing Using Memory Parameter Passing Using Stack Subroutine Call versus Interrupt Software Interrupts 111 Summary 111 Review Questions 112 Fill in the Blanks 112 Short Questions INTERFACING EXTERNAL MEMORY Learning Objectives Program Memories Mask-programmable ROM Programmable ROM Electrically Programmable ROM Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM Flash Memory Non-volatile RAM Data Memories Static RAM Dynamic RAM Important Memory Characteristics Electrical Characteristics Memory Organization Timing Characteristics Interfacing External Memory to External Program Memory Address Space External Data Memory Address Space The System Bus Interfacing of Program Memories Interfacing of Data Memory 138 Summary 140 Review Questions 141 Fill in the Blanks 141 Short Questions 141

9 x Contents 6. DATA TRANSFER TECHNIQUES AND I/O PORTS Learning Objectives Data Transfer Techniques Synchronous Mode Asynchronous Mode Interrupt-driven Mode I/O Port The 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) Interfacing of 8255 to the Microcontroller I/O Port Progrmming 157 Summary 161 Review Questions 162 Fill in the Blanks 162 Short Questions INTERFACING FOR HUMAN INTERACTION Learning Objectives Interfacing of DIP Switches Keyboard Interface Circuit Interfacing Issues Row-scanning Technique Scanning by Hardware Interfacing of Display Devices Single LEDs Bi-colour LEDs Seven-segment LEDs Interfacing Multiple Seven-segment LEDs Liquid Crystal Displays Multi-digit Seven-segment LCD Driver Intelligent LCD Display Module 188 Summary 199 Review Questions 199 Fill in the Blanks 199 Short Questions INTERFACING OF TRANSDUCERS, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS Learning Objectives Transducers Temperature Transducers Pressure and Displacement Transducers Light Sensors Signal Conditioning Circuits Optocouplers Relays 218

10 Contents xi 8.5 Digital-to-Analog Converters DAC Parameters DAC Realizations Analog-to-Digital Converters Single Ramp Comparison Type ADC Dual-slope Integrator Type ADC Direct Type ADC Tracking Type ADC The Successive Approximation ADC Counter Microcontroller-based ADCs ADC Chips Bus Compatible ADCs DAC/ADC Specifications Sample and Hold Amplifier Analog Multiplexer Data Acquisition Systems 243 Summary 246 Review Questions 247 Fill in the Blanks 247 Short Questions TIMER/COUNTER OPERATIONS Learning Objectives Software-based Approach Clock Generation Pulse Width Modulated Signal Hardware-based Approach Monostable Operation Astable Operation Combined Hardware Software-based Approach Registers Involved in Timer/Counter Operations Timer/Counter Clock Source Timer Modes of Operation Counting External Events Interaction between the Timer/Counter and the Processor 262 Summary 265 Review Questions 266 Fill in the Blanks 266 Short Questions SERIAL MODE OF DATA TRANSFER Learning Objectives Serial Transmission Fundamentals Modes of Data Transfer 270

11 Microcontrollers : Principles And Applications 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : PAL, AJIT Type the URL : 89 Get this ebook

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