Kenneth Dyke Sr. Engineer, Graphics and Compute Architecture
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1 Kenneth Dyke Sr. Engineer, Graphics and Compute Architecture 2
2 Supporting multiple GPUs in your application Finding all renderers and devices Responding to renderer changes Making use of multiple GPUs at the same time Shared contexts Resource management and synchronization Performance tips Using IOSurface with multiple GPUs 3
3 Motivation Systems with multiple GPUs are shipping today! Mac Pros can have up to four GPUs Some recent MacBook Pros also have multiple GPUs Better user experience on systems with multiple GPUs Increased performance Hot-plug support 4
4 5
5 Renderers and pixel formats A renderer represents a single GPU or the CPU-based software rasterizer Each renderer has a unique renderer id A pixel format represents both drawable attributes and a specific set of renderers Pixel Format 32-bit RGBA, 24-bit Depth, etc. 6
6 Pixel formats and contexts OpenGL contexts inherit the list of renderers from the pixel format Each renderer within an OpenGL context is assigned a virtual screen Pixel Format 32-bit RGBA, 24-bit Depth, etc. CGLCreateContext() 7
7 Pixel formats and contexts OpenGL contexts inherit the list of renderers from the pixel format Each renderer within an OpenGL context is assigned a virtual screen Pixel Format 32-bit RGBA, 24-bit Depth, etc. CGLCreateContext() 8
8 Virtual screens and renderers 9
9 Virtual screens and renderers The current virtual screen is used to select the context s renderer Virtual screen order matches pixel format No correlation with physical screens Multiple heterogenous renderers is unique to Mac OS X! 10
10 Different APIs, but similar concepts clgetdeviceids() instead of CGLChoosePixelFormat() clcreatecontext() passed list of devices instead of pixel format cl_command_queue selects the device for a command 11
11 Allowing for multiple renders Don t use NSOpenGLPFAScreenMask Guaranteed you ll only get a single hardware renderer Only necessary for legacy full-screen contexts displaymask = CGDisplayIDToOpenGLDisplayMask(kCGDirectMainDisplay); NSOpenGLPixelFormatAttribute attribs[] = { NSOpenGLPFAAccelerated, NSOpenGLPFADoubleBuffer, NSOpenGLPFAColorSize, 32, NSOpenGLPFAScreenMask, displaymask, 0 }; 12
12 Allowing for multiple renders Don t use NSOpenGLPFAScreenMask Guaranteed you ll only get a single hardware renderer Only necessary for legacy full-screen contexts NSOpenGLPixelFormatAttribute attribs[] = { NSOpenGLPFAAccelerated, NSOpenGLPFADoubleBuffer, NSOpenGLPFAColorSize, 32, }; 0 13
13 Allowing for multiple renders Do use NSOpenGLPFAAllowOfflineRenderers NSOpenGLPixelFormatAttribute attribs[] = { NSOpenGLPFAAccelerated, NSOpenGLPFADoubleBuffer, NSOpenGLPFAColorSize, 32, }; 0 14
14 Allowing for multiple renders Do use NSOpenGLPFAAllowOfflineRenderers This gets you all renderers, even ones without a display Important for hot plug NSOpenGLPixelFormatAttribute attribs[] = { NSOpenGLPFAAccelerated, NSOpenGLPFADoubleBuffer, NSOpenGLPFAColorSize, 32, NSOpenGLPFAAllowOfflineRenderers, 0 }; 15
15 Triggering renderer changes -[NSOpenGLContext update] Best renderer is chosen automatically Usually in response to -[NSOpenGLView update] Or, NSGlobalViewFrameDidChange [NSOpenGLContext setvirtualscreen:] Forces a specific renderer Useful for offscreen MyOpenGLView... - (void)update { [[self openglcontext] update]; 16
16 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen MyOpenGLView... - (void)update { [[self openglcontext] update]; /* w00t! I m done! */ 17
17 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen MyOpenGLView... - (void)update { [[self openglcontext] update]; if(virtualscreen!= [[self openglcontext] currentvirtualscreen]) [self gpuchanged]; };... 18
18 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen changes Check for required MyOpenGLView... - (void)gpuchanged { 19
19 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen changes Check for required extensions Verify hardware MyOpenGLView... - (void)gpuchanged { GLchar *extensions = glgetstring(gl_extensions); 20
20 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen changes Check for required extensions Verify hardware limits Synchronize offscreen MyOpenGLView... - (void)gpuchanged { GLchar *extensions = glgetstring(gl_extensions); GLsizei maxtexturesize = glgetintegerv(gl_max_...); 21
21 Responding to renderer changes For some apps, nothing is required Otherwise, check for virtual screen changes Check for required extensions Verify hardware limits Synchronize offscreen MyOpenGLView... - (void)gpuchanged { GLchar *extensions = glgetstring(gl_extensions); GLsizei maxtexturesize = glgetintegerv(gl_max_...); [self syncoffscreencontexts]; 22
22 Resource management during renderer changes OpenGL/OpenCL automatically track resources across GPUs Unmodified resources will be uploaded as needed Modified resources will be copied across via system memory Currently bound objects synchronized at render change Other objects synchronized lazily at bind time 23
23 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
24 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
25 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
26 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
27 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
28 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
29 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
30 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
31 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
32 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
33 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 0 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; NVIDIA GeForce GTX
34 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; NVIDIA GeForce GTX
35 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; NVIDIA GeForce GTX
36 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; NVIDIA GeForce GTX
37 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; NVIDIA GeForce GTX
38 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
39 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
40 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
41 Resource management during renderer changes Virtual Screen 1 AMD Radeon HD 4870 gltexsubimage2d(); [mycontext update]; DrawTexture(); NVIDIA GeForce GTX
42 Kenneth Dyke Sr. Mad Scientist 43
43 44
44 Using multiple GPUs simultaneously Motivations Increased performance Specific GPU feature requirements Issues to consider Context sharing Synchronization and resource management 45
45 Context sharing with OpenGL Multiple OpenGL contexts may share resources Text CGLContextObj cgl_ctx; err = CGLCreateContext(pix_fmt, NULL, &cgl_ctx); 46
46 Context sharing with OpenGL Multiple OpenGL contexts may share resources All contexts in the same share group must use the same set of renderers Be very careful when using different pixel format objects Safest way is to use the pixel format from the other context CGLContextObj cgl_ctx; err = CGLCreateContext(pix_fmt, share_ctx, &cgl_ctx); 47
47 Context sharing with OpenGL Multiple OpenGL contexts may share resources All contexts in the same share group must use the same set of renderers Be very careful when using different pixel format objects Safest way is to use the pixel format from the other context CGLContextObj cgl_ctx; CGLPixelFormatObj share_pix = CGLGetPixelFormat(share_ctx); err = CGLCreateContext(share_pix, share_ctx, &cgl_ctx); 48
48 Context sharing in OpenCL All queues created from the same OpenCL context will share resources Can also create OpenCL contexts that are compatible with OpenGL CGLContextObj cgl_ctx = [[self openglcontext] CGLContextObj]; cl_int err = 0; cl_context_properties properties[] = { CL_CONTEXT_PROPERTY_USE_CGL_SHAREGROUP_APPLE, (cl_context_properties)cglgetsharegroup(context), 0 }; computecontext = clcreatecontext(properties, 0, 0, 0, 0, &err); 49
49 Multicontext synchronization Maintaining order of operations is very important OpenGL uses flush then bind semantics Producer context must flush (glflush, glfinish, etc.) Consumer context must bind (glbindtexture, etc.) Applies to both single and multi-gpu cases OpenCL uses events for dependencies Data dependencies between GL and CL require glflush/clacquire 50
50 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1... glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
51 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1... glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
52 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1... glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
53 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
54 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 glbindtexture(...,1); glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
55 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
56 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
57 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 glteximage2d(...); DrawTexture(); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
58 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
59 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
60 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 DrawTexture(); gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
61 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
62 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
63 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
64 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
65 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
66 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
67 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); DrawTexture(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
68 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group... glbindtexture(...,1); DrawTexture(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
69 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group glbindtexture(...,1); DrawTexture(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
70 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group glbindtexture(...,1); DrawTexture(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
71 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group glbindtexture(...,1); DrawTexture(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
72 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group DrawTexture(); glcopytexsubimage(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
73 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group DrawTexture(); glcopytexsubimage(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
74 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group DrawTexture(); glcopytexsubimage(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
75 Multicontext resource management Virtual Screen 0 Virtual Screen 1 gltexsubimage2d(...); OpenGL Share Group glcopytexsubimage(); AMD Radeon HD 4870 NVIDIA GeForce GTX
76 Performance tips Do enough work! You must take into account fill/compute rate vs. transfer cost Be mindful of 4x vs. 16x PCI-E slots in Mac Pro Decouple GPU workloads as much as possible Don t rely upon automatic resource synchronization for performance Consider using extra buffering between GPUs to avoid stalls Avoid display bottlenecks 77
77 Abe Stephens OpenCL Engineer 78
78 79
79 Resource sharing made easy High-level abstraction around shared memory Very efficient cross-process and cross-api data sharing Integrated directly into GPU software stack Hides details about moving data between CPU and GPUs 80
80 GPU integration OpenGL texture can be bound to an IOSurface Rendering is done by binding an IOSurface texture to an FBO Currently supported in OpenCL via OpenGL context sharing All textures bound to an IOSurface share the same video memory All GPUs share the same backing memory 81
81 OpenGL texture creation example iosurfacebuffer = IOSurfaceCreate((CFDictionaryRef) [NSDictionary dictionarywithobjectsandkeys: [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfacewidth, [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfaceheight, [NSNumber numberwithint:4], (id)kiosurfacebytesperelement, nil]); glgentextures(1, &name); glbindtexture(gl_texture_rectangle_ext, name); err = CGLTexImageIOSurface2D( cgl_ctx, GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_EXT, GL_RGBA, /* Internal format */ 256, 256, /* width, height */ GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, /* format/type */ iosurfacebuffer, 0 /* plane */); 82
82 OpenGL texture creation example iosurfacebuffer = IOSurfaceCreate((CFDictionaryRef) [NSDictionary dictionarywithobjectsandkeys: [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfacewidth, [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfaceheight, [NSNumber numberwithint:4], (id)kiosurfacebytesperelement, nil]); glgentextures(1, &name); glbindtexture(gl_texture_rectangle_ext, name); err = CGLTexImageIOSurface2D( cgl_ctx, GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_EXT, GL_RGBA, /* Internal format */ 256, 256, /* width, height */ GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, /* format/type */ iosurfacebuffer, 0 /* plane */); 83
83 OpenGL texture creation example iosurfacebuffer = IOSurfaceCreate((CFDictionaryRef) [NSDictionary dictionarywithobjectsandkeys: [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfacewidth, [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfaceheight, [NSNumber numberwithint:4], (id)kiosurfacebytesperelement, nil]); glgentextures(1, &name); glbindtexture(gl_texture_rectangle_ext, name); err = CGLTexImageIOSurface2D( cgl_ctx, GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_EXT, GL_RGBA, /* Internal format */ 256, 256, /* width, height */ GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, /* format/type */ iosurfacebuffer, 0 /* plane */); 84
84 OpenGL texture creation example iosurfacebuffer = IOSurfaceCreate((CFDictionaryRef) [NSDictionary dictionarywithobjectsandkeys: [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfacewidth, [NSNumber numberwithint:256], (id)kiosurfaceheight, [NSNumber numberwithint:4], (id)kiosurfacebytesperelement, nil]); glgentextures(1, &name); glbindtexture(gl_texture_rectangle_ext, name); err = CGLTexImageIOSurface2D( cgl_ctx, GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_EXT, GL_RGBA, /* Internal format */ 256, 256, /* width, height */ GL_BGRA, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_8_8_8_8_REV, /* format/type */ iosurfacebuffer, 0 /* plane */); 85
85 Synchronization rules IOSurface follows the Mac OS X OpenGL flush/bind rule CPU writes must be completed before a bind IOSurfaceLock(mySurface, 0, NULL); /* Write to surface here */ IOSurfaceUnlock(mySurface, 0, NULL); glbindtexture(gl_texture_rectangle, mysurfacetexname); /* Do something with texture */ 86
86 Synchronization rules IOSurface follows the Mac OS X OpenGL flush/bind rule CPU writes must be completed before a bind GPU flush must happen before any CPU reads or writes /* Render to IOSurface */ IOSurfaceLock(mySurface, kiosurfacelockreadonly, NULL); /* Read from surface here */ IOSurfaceUnlock(mySurface, kiosurfacelockreadonly, NULL); 87
87 Performance tips and tricks Automatic synchronization is easy, but not asynchronous Take advantage of IOSurfaceLock() to implement double buffering Control over when data is written back to main memory Shared backing means no CPU copies Use IOSurface to cast from one format/type to another Example: Manipulate luminance data as quarter-width RGBA Total data sizes much match 88
88 Example usage cases Application plug-ins Common abstraction for CPU- or GPU-based plug-ins Client/server situations Pass IOSurfaces efficiently between processes Resources already on the GPU stay there Combine both Run plug-ins in a different address space, on a different architecture, and even on a different GPU! 89
89 Kenneth Dyke Sr. Mad Scientist 90
90 Support systems with multiple GPUs whenever possible Take advantage of multiple GPUs when beneficial Use IOSurface to help Read the sample code! 91
91 Allan Schaffer Graphics and Game Technologies Evangelist Apple Developer Forums 92
92 Harnessing OpenCL in Your Application Maximizing OpenCL Performance OpenGL for Mac OS X Russian Hill Wednesday 3:15PM Russian Hill Wednesday 4:30PM Nob Hill Thursday 9:00AM 93
93 OpenCL Lab OpenGL for Mac OS X Lab Graphics and Media Lab C Thursday 9:00AM Graphics and Media Lab C Thursday 2:00PM 94
94 95
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