Weightless: The emerging global wireless standard for linking sensors and devices

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1 Weightless: The emerging global wireless standard for linking sensors and devices William Webb 2014 Copyright Weightless Page 1

2 The hypothesis That billions of devices would benefit from being connected ranging from water meters, to actuators, to traffic lights, etc But this has failed to happen because there is no single standard / network offering ubiquitous, low-cost comms with features like long battery life and broadcast calls A new wireless technology requires new spectrum access and this has been a serious inhibitor to date White space spectrum provides an opportunity because it is plentiful, free, harmonised world-wide and has excellent propagation Hence the need and opportunity for a new bespoke technology optimised for M2M that can become the global standard Copyright Weightless Page 2

3 The M2M application requirements Very low cost of technology which can be readily integrated into machines (for example included on chipsets within eg smart meters) Very low power consumption enabling battery life of years for some types of machines Ability to handle large numbers of devices efficiently Ability to handle large numbers of small data packets efficiently Able to provide ubiquitous coverage across both areas like treatment plants and also nationally Able to work across multiple industries and applications to deliver economies of scale and the business case for widespread roll-out Copyright Weightless Page 3

4 Logic flow of design Ubiquitous coverage implies a cellular architecture Which in turn means location registers, billing systems, etc Deep indoor/underground coverage with low transmit power and avoiding the need for a large number of cells implies spreading to extend range Lower transmit powers at the device than the base station due to battery constraints and regulatory restrictions imply narrowband uplink to balance the link budget White space operation implies TDD Unlicensed operation brings an interference risk requiring frequency hopping to mitigate All of this implies a structured transmission with the base station imparting information such as the hopping pattern Copyright Weightless Page 4

5 Which has the following ramifications Spreading means the header information takes a long time so the overall frame duration must be long (~2s) This allows all the base station processing to be moved to the core network and for the core network to be implemented in software running in the Cloud Long battery life implies a sleep mode with periodic awakening at around 15 minutes and that listening time is minimised by providing all the information needed in the frame header (rather than multiple headers) Keeping signalling low requires terminal-driven handover Tight emission limits require single-carrier modulation to enable rapid roll-off (rather than CDMA or OFDM) A large number of terminals requires careful network scheduling Copyright Weightless Page 5

6 Translates to the following technical specifications Range of up to 5km with 1W base station and ~40mW terminals Data rates only need be a few kbits/s MAC overhead of 10-20% on 50 byte messages Latency of a few seconds is acceptable Reliable acknowledged transmission at MAC level Cellular grade authentication and encryption Copyright Weightless Page 6

7 Architectural overview Synchronisation database Client information / management system Internet Network Manager Base station interface Weightless specification Air interface Copyright Weightless Page 7

8 Weightless and the water industry Self-deployed across plant Water company could deploy their own network covering a treatment plant or similar May only need a single base station Could serve monitors, sensors, actuators, security systems and much more Enables a step-change in the ability to monitor and control reservoirs, treatment plants, pumping systems, etc National networks Deployed by an operator such as an MNO or as part of the smart-metering program Water companies pay for data transmission at an agreed QoS Useful for metering and for monitoring pipelines and other sparse infrastructure Unique nature of Weightless and its ability to work in unlicensed and licensed spectrum enables both of these to work side-by-side with full interoperability Copyright Weightless Page 8

9 Distribution of polling times 1 meter/house 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% % of homes 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Frequency of sending 50byte message (minutes) Copyright Weightless Page 9

10 Business case for a national network Circa 5,500 BTS to cover UK Around $15k cost/bts including installation implies $82m network capex Add in marketing, core network, customer acquisition perhaps $100m total capex costs 25m terminals so need around $1/terminal/year for ~5- year payback Would probably charge more to cover overheads and make profit And then there are other applications. Copyright Weightless Page 10

11 Open standard is key Only truly open global standards are successful in wireless Ratifying a proprietary technology does not bring the same benefits Technology not reviewed and developed collaboratively IPR regime likely to strongly favour founder Almost invariably fails to get wide buy-in The best standards bodies cover more than just standards Test and certification Marketing IPR Copyright Weightless Page 11

12 Where next Written the standard now finalising the testing and certification regime First hardware available Q Developer communities, hackathons, conferences, etc Join up to shape the technology, equipment and help build a critical momentum behind Weightless More material available on the website ( Copyright Weightless Ltd Page 12

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