CCM 4300 Lecture 16. 3G, 4G, Satellite and Bluetooth Communications. Dr S Rahman. Computer Networks, Wireless and Mobile Communication Systems
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1 CCM 4300 Lecture 16 Computer Networks, Wireless and Mobile Communication Systems 3G, 4G, Satellite and Bluetooth Communications Dr S Rahman 1
2 Session Content Recap of last session Lesson Objectives Roadmap to Cellular services Evolution to 3G standard Introduction to 4G systems Satellite Systems LEO, MEO, GEO, Handover Bluetooth PAN, Protocols, Architecture, Security Summary 2
3 Recap of Last Session What are cellular services and GSM GSM and it s detailed architecture Why GSM is the backbone of Mobile Services GSM Security, Handover Move from GSM to GPRS UMTS standards 3
4 Lecture objectives At the completion of this lecture you should be able to: Understand the roadmap towards 4G mobile services/systems Use of satellite systems in mobile communications Various satellite systems LEO, MEO, GEO and their handover operation Bluetooth and its architectural details 4
5 IMT-2000 ITU s approach to 3G wireless Umbrella activity from ITU: mainly European interest, though international in theory Intended to provide: coordination between different 2.5/3G systems harmonisation of services to allow use efficient of Spectrum IMT: international Mobile Communications 5
6 Simplified Roadmap one to another 2G 2.5G GSM only (+SMS) 3G (IMT-2000) EDGE GSM GSM + GPRS UMTS GSM only (+SMS) 6
7 Development of mobile telecommunication systems TDMA FDMA CDMA CT0/1 AMPS NMT CT2 IS-136 TDMA D-AMPS GSM PDC IS-95 cdmaone GPRS cdma2000 1X EDGE IMT-FT DECT IMT-SC IS-136HS UWC-136 1G 2G 2.5G 3G IMT-DS UTRA FDD / W-CDMA IMT-TC UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA IMT-TC TD-SCDMA IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV (3X) 7
8 GLOBAL EVOLUTION TO 3G MULTIRADIO NETWORKS UMTS Multiradio Network TDMA GSM PDC cdmaone GSM/GPRS cdma2000 1x GSM/GPRS/EDGE WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications.? cdma2000 1xEV-DV 2G cdma2000 1xEV-DO First Steps to 3G 3G Phase 1 Evolved 3G Networks
9 Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.) Communication mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services Total mobility international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers Worldwide connectivity one number, the network handles localization High capacity better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell High transmission quality high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains) Security functions access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN 9
10 Disadvantages of GSM There is no perfect system!! no end-to-end encryption of user data (was developed in Surrey) no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent B-channel reduced concentration while driving electromagnetic radiation abuse of private data possible roaming profiles accessible high complexity of the system Incompatibilities within the GSM standards 10
11 GSM and 3G more information can be found at Universal Wireless Communications Consortium Third Generation Partnership Project Not covered in these notes, however, Wireless Application Protocol Forum 11
12 4G Systems 4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. 4G network as one that operates on Internet technology, combines it with other applications and technologies such as WiFi and WiMAX, and runs at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps (in local WiFi networks). Totally packet-based: IPv6 Higher data rates: up to 100Mb/s Better security Totally digital Key 4G technologies: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Software Defined Radio (SDR) Multiple-input multiple-output ( MIMO ) 12
13 Basics Satellite Systems elliptical or circular orbits complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth inclination: angle between orbit and equator elevation: angle between satellite and horizon LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g. buildings Uplink: connection base station - satellite Downlink: connection satellite - base station typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink transponder used for sending/receiving and shifting of frequencies transparent transponder: only shift of frequencies regenerative transponder: additionally signal regeneration 13
14 Applications Satellite Systems Traditionally weather satellites radio and TV broadcast satellites military satellites satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS) Telecommunication global telephone connections backbone for global networks connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas global mobile communication satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or AMPS) 14
15 Satellite systems LEO and MEO: satellite constellations no terrestrial network support total area coverage Very expensive: to construct and maintain to use Complex: hand-off between satellites routing Service providers finding it hard to break into the market Safety concerns: MS power output Voice only systems Voice and data systems Broadband systems Will they succeed? 15
16 Classical satellite systems Mobile User Link (MUL) Inter Satellite Link (ISL) Gateway Link (GWL) GWL MUL small cells (spotbeams) footprint base station or gateway ISDN PSTN GSM PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network User data 16
17 Orbits I Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on the shape and diameter of the orbit: GEO: geostationary orbit, ca km above earth surface LEO (Low Earth Orbit): ca km MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit): ca km HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits 17
18 Geostationary satellites Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane (inclination 0 ) complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth rotation fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!), therefore difficult to reuse frequencies bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60 due to fixed position above the equator high transmit power needed high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms) not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission 18
19 LEO systems Orbit ca km above earth surface visibility of a satellite ca minutes global radio coverage possible latency comparable with terrestrial long distance connections, ca ms smaller footprints, better frequency reuse but now handover necessary from one satellite to another many satellites necessary for global coverage more complex systems due to moving satellites Examples: Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites) Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use, saving from deorbiting ) Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites) Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles 19
20 MEO systems Orbit ca km above earth surface comparison with LEO systems: slower moving satellites less satellites needed simpler system design for many connections no hand-over needed higher latency, ca ms higher sending power needed special antennas for small footprints needed Example: ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start ca Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso cancelled again, start planned for
21 Routing (Passing Information Between satellites) One solution: inter satellite links (ISL) reduced number of gateways needed forward connections or data packets within the satellite network as long as possible only one uplink and one downlink per direction needed for the connection of two mobile phones Problems: more complex focusing of antennas between satellites high system complexity due to moving routers higher fuel consumption thus shorter lifetime Iridium and Teledesic planned with ISL (Inter Sattelite Link) Other systems use gateways and additionally terrestrial networks 21
22 Localisation of Mobile Stations Mechanisms similar to GSM Gateways maintain registers with user data HLR (Home Location Register): static user data VLR (Visitor Location Register): (last known) location of the mobile station SUMR (Satellite User Mapping Register): satellite assigned to a mobile station positions of all satellites Registration of mobile stations Localisation of the mobile station via the satellite s position requesting user data from HLR updating VLR and SUMR Calling a mobile station localization using HLR/VLR similar to GSM connection setup using the appropriate satellite 22
23 Handover in Satellite Systems Several additional situations for handover in satellite systems compared to cellular terrestrial mobile phone networks caused by the movement of the satellites Intra satellite handover handover from one spot beam to another Spot beams are used so that only earth stations in a particular intended reception area can properly receive the satellite signal. mobile station still in the footprint of the satellite, but in another cell Inter satellite handover handover from one satellite to another satellite mobile station leaves the footprint of one satellite Gateway handover Handover from one gateway to another mobile station still in the footprint of a satellite, but gateway leaves the footprint Inter system handover (VERTICAL?) Handover from the satellite network to a terrestrial cellular network mobile station can reach a terrestrial network again which might be 23 cheaper, has a lower latency etc.
24 Bluetooth: Personal Area wireless connectivity Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, PDAs, cell phones replacement of IrDA Embedded in other devices, goal: 5/device (2002: 50/USB bluetooth), (Mini Bluetooth Network adapter USB 6) Short range (10m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz ISM Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate Bluetooth 2.0 Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) 2.1 Mbit/s 24
25 Inter-device connections Scenario 1: PDA, mobile phone, laptop PDA mobile phone: 1 cable PDA laptop: another (different) cable mobile phone laptop: yet another (different) cable Scenario 2: desktop computer, PDA, laptop all need to use printer again, more cables, hard to configure standard wireless inter-device communication? 25
26 Bluetooth: The Rational Standard, convenient device inter-connectivity Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, laptops: coffee machines, utility meters, hi-fi equipment, etc. Simple, low-cost, radio-based system: simple, wire-replacement system, re-use existing standards aiming for cost of ~ 5 to build into a device uses ISM radio band ( GHz) Named after a Viking called Harald Bluetooth 26
27 Bluetooth: Characteristics 2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing Channel 0: 2402 MHz channel 78: 2480 MHz G-FSK modulation, mw transmit power FHSS and TDD Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master Time division duplex for send/receive separation Voice link SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented) FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-to-point, circuit switched Data link ACL (Asynchronous Connectionless) Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to kbit/s symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched Topology -Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet 27
28 Bluetooth Architecture: An overview Two link types: synchronous, connection oriented (SCO) asynchronous, connection-less (ACL) Bi-directional link (symmetric and asymmetric data rates) Can use existing protocols, e.g. IP Several profiles defined: e.g. dial-up networking, headset, fax, LAN access Products now becoming available in all almost all new mobile phones and some laptops 28
29 Bluetooth: Basic Components Four basic components to architecture: 1. RF component: for receiving and transmitting 2. Link control: for processing information to/from RF component 3. Link management: manages transmission process (media access) 4. Supporting applications: uses other three components through a well-defined interface 29
30 Bluetooth: Link Types SCO (synchronous, connection oriented) Packet-based Mainly for voice Up to 3 simultaneous channels supported (64Kb/s each) Can be used in parallel with an ACL channel ACL (asynchronous, connection-less ) For data Asymmetric: 721Kb/s (either direction) Kb/s reverse direction Symmetric: 432.6Kb/s 30
31 Basic Communication Characteristics Antenna power of 0dBm (1mW): ~10m range Optionally, 20dBm (100mW):100m range 1Mb/s max: 721Kb/s available to user after protocol overhead Radio GHz: minor change in ES, FR, JP FH-SS: 79 channels (23 channels, ES, FR, JP) 1MHz spacing Hop rate 1600 hops/s: 625ms timeslot TDM slots Possible interference: 2.4GHz band used by IEEE wireless LANs 31
32 Basic Communication Master-slave relationship master initiates communication using PAGE or INQUIRY message odd timeslots for master even timeslots for slave(s) Master-slave set-up: 255 slaves, 8-bit address 7 active slaves, 3-bit addresses TDM timeslots are numbered: use clock from master 2 27 slots Transmission in packets Packet normally uses one timeslot: one packet per freq. hop can use up to 5 timeslots Master-slave sync: use of clocks, slaves sync with master 32
33 Basic Communication Piconet (single pico-cell): single master up to 255 slaves P only 7 active slaves at any S time M At power on: in standby (sniff SBmode) listen every 1.28s P check one of 32 hop frequencies for other devices SDP- service discovery protocol M=Master S=Slave P=Parked SB=Standby Every device has a unique 48-bit address. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names S are used, which can be set by the user. If address P of another device known: S send PAGE message If address not known: send INQUIRY message SDP is used to discover device capabilities SB 33
34 Basic Communication continues General packet format Header: AM_ADDR (3) type (4) flow control (1) ARQN (1) SEQN (1) HEC (8) 68(72) access code packet header AM_ADDR active member address ARQN automatic repeat request number HEC head error correction SEQN sequence number payload Access code: provides receiver sync Payload: indicates length and number of timeslots that will be used contains CRC if FEC used used, 5 parity bits added after each 10 bits, including CRC bits padding may be required for FEC usage access code header payload 72bits 54bits bits 34
35 Forming a piconet All devices in a piconet hop together Master gives slaves its clock and device ID Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide) Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock Addressing Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit) Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit) P S SB SB S SB M P SB SB SB S SB SB P SB SB StandBy SB SB 35
36 Error Correction 3 options: 1/3 rate FEC 2/3 rate FEC CRC + ARQ Packet header: always uses 1/3 rate FEC Data: 2/3 rate FEC (15,10) shortened Hamming code Corrects all 1-bit errors in 10 bits and detects all 2-bit errors may need 0-9 bits of padding CRC + ARQ: (not always used) ACK or NAK for each pkt Un-numbered scheme, i.e. stop-wait scheme ARQ: automatic repeat request: If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment before the timeout, it usually re-transmits the frame 36
37 Power Saving Modes Different power modes: conserve battery life Active mode: normal operation Sniff mode: less power than active mode listen to network e.g. standby Hold mode: less power than sniff mode clock remains sync d e.g. inactive slave, retains 8-bit piconet address Park mode: less power than hold mode no contact with master does not retain piconet addr 37
38 Interface Support Can emulate different interface protocols, e.g.: USB (universal serial bus) RS232 PC card (for laptops) Uses a serial cable emulation protocol: allows use of PPP etc. (point-to-point protocol) Allows use of telephony protocols: TCS binary (telephony control protocol) Hayes AT commands 38
39 Bluetooth Protocol Stack TCP/UDP Audio BNEP IP PPP AT modem commands RFCOMM (serial line interface) TCS BIN SDP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Link Manager Protocol Baseband Bluetooth Radio AT: attention sequence TCS BIN: telephony control protocol specification binary BNEP: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol SDP: service discovery protocol RFCOMM: radio frequency comm. 39
40 Protocol Architecture Bluetooth radio: transmit and receive Baseband: physical RF control LMP(Link Manager Protocol): link setup authentication power mode control connection states in piconet (master or slave) L2CAP(logical link control and adaptation): SCO and ACL link types segmentation and reassembly (max SDU size is 64Kbytes) SDP(Service Discovery): selects usage model or profile exchange of device capability information RFCOMM(Radio Freq. Communications: serial line emulation 40
41 Protocol Architecture Addressing 48-bit IEEE address (similar to Ethernet address) BD_ADDR Within a piconet: one master many slaves members of piconet 8-bit piconet PM_ADDR 3-bit AM_ADDR Transmission control Freq. hopping sequence: derived from BD_ADDR of master Access codes used for signalling: derived from BD_ADDR access codes used as part of the every packet allows sync of receiver clock BD-ADDR - Bluetooth device address 41
42 Example usage methods Modern emulator or driver Modern emulator or driver PPP AT modem commands SDP IP RFCOMM PPP SDP (L2CAP) RFCOMM (L2CAP) Dial-up networking: serial line emulation e.g. wireless modem for access LAN access: dial-up server emulation e.g. wireless access point for multiple users 42
43 Security Easy wireless connectivity for roaming devices Bluetooth security modes 1, 2, 3 Mode 1: insecure Mode 2: servicelevel security (not required at link setup) Mode 3: link-level security (required at link set-up) Authentication: challenge-response device authentication Link-level encryption: Bluetooth specific algorithms Key generation mechanism: private user key (128bits) used to generate session encryption key (8-128bits) Random number generation 43
44 Security continues User input (initialization) PIN (1-16 byte) Pairing PIN (1-16 byte) E 2 Authentication key generation (possibly permanent storage) E 2 link key (128 bit) E 3 Authentication Encryption key generation (temporary storage) link key (128 bit) E 3 encryption key (128 bit) Encryption encryption key (128 bit) Keystream generator Keystream generator payload key Ciphering payload key Data Cipher data Data 44
45 Networking Piconet: a single Bluetooth cell multiple cells could overlap devices in overlap of cells can form an ad hoc piconet S SB P P M SB S S P Scatternet M=Master SB S=Slave P=Parked SB=Standby scatternet Scatternet a single device: is in multiple piconets has more than one master still maturing may be used in IEEE WPANs S P P M SB S S P S S M P SB Piconet 1 Piconet 2 Piconets (each with a capacity of < 1 Mbit/s) 45
46 Summary Inter-device communication: many standards many different cables Bluetooth provides: common wireless connectivity (not really mobility) cheap potentially, standard connectivity for any device, including consumer electronics primitive networking - scatternet 46
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