Mobile Communications Chapter 7: Wireless PANs

Transcription

1 Bluetooth obile Communications Chapter 7: Wireless ANs Idea Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld devices, DAs, cell phones replacement of IrDA Embedded in other devices, goal: 5 /device (2005: 40 /U bluetooth) hort range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz I Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 bit/s gross data rate Bluetooth / IEEE x RFID Zigbee One of the first modules (Ericsson). rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Bluetooth History and hi-tech History 1994: Ericsson (attison/haartsen), C-link project Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald Blåtand Gormsen [son of Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10 th century 1998: foundation of Bluetooth IG, (was: ) 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund ;-) 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released 2005: 5 million chips/week pecial Interest Group Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IB, Nokia, Toshiba Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), icrosoft, otorola > 2500 members Common specification and certification of products 1999: Ericsson mobile communications AB reste denna sten till minne av Harald Blåtand, som fick ge sitt namn åt en ny teknologi för trådlös, mobil kommunikation. rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

2 and the real rune stone Inscription: "Harald king executes these sepulchral monuments after Gorm, his father and Thyra, his mother. The Harald who won the whole of Denmark and Norway and turned the Danes to Christianity." Btw: Blåtand means of dark complexion (not having a blue tooth ) Located in Jelling, Denmark, erected by King Harald Blåtand in memory of his parents. The stone has three sides one side showing a picture of Christ. This could be the original colors of the stone. Inscription: auk tani karthi kristna (and made the Danes Christians) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Characteristics 2.4 GHz I band, 79 (23) RF channels, 1 Hz carrier spacing Channel 0: 2402 Hz channel 78: 2480 Hz G-FK modulation, mw transmit power FH and TDD Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master Time division duplex for send/receive separation Voice link CO (ynchronous Connection Oriented) FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, pointto-point, circuit switched Data link ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess) Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to kbit/s symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched Topology Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C iconet Forming a piconet Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion One unit acts as master and the others as slaves for the lifetime of the piconet aster determines hopping pattern, slaves have to synchronize Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern articipation in a piconet = synchronization to hopping sequence Each piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous slaves (> 200 could be parked) =aster =lave =arked =tandby All devices in a piconet hop together aster gives slaves its clock and device ID Addressing Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide) hase in hopping pattern determined by clock Active ember Address (AA, 3 bit) arked ember Address (A, 8 bit) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

3 catternet Bluetooth protocol stack Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or slave devices Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another Communication between piconets Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets =aster =lave =arked =tandby rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C iconets (each with a capacity of 720 kbit/s) audio apps. Audio NW apps. TC/UD BNE I vcal/vcard OBEX AT modem commands RFCO (serial line interface) Logical Link Control and Adaptation rotocol (L2CA) Baseband Radio telephony apps. TC BIN mgmnt. apps. D Link anager AT: attention sequence D: service discovery protocol OBEX: object exchange RFCO: radio frequency comm. TC BIN: telephony control protocol specification binary BNE: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Control Host Controller Interface 625 µs f k Frequency selection during data transmission f k+1 f k+2 f k+3 f k+4 f k f k+3 f k+4 f k+5 f k+6 f k+5 f k+6 t Baseband iconet/channel definition Low-level packet definition Access code Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master acket header 1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type, alternating bit ARQ/EQ, checksum t 68(72) bits access code packet header payload f k f k+1 f k+6 t 4 64 (4) bits preamble sync. (trailer) A address type flow ARQN EQN HEC rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

4 CO payload types ACL ayload types payload (30) payload (0-343) HV1 audio (10) FEC (20) header (1/2) payload (0-339) CRC (2) HV2 audio (20) FEC (10) D1 header (1) payload (0-17) 2/3 FEC CRC (2) HV3 audio (30) DH1 header (1) payload (0-27) CRC (2) (bytes) DV audio (10) header (1) payload (0-9) 2/3 FEC CRC (2) (bytes) D3 DH3 header (2) payload (0-121) 2/3 FEC header (2) payload (0-183) CRC (2) CRC (2) D5 DH5 header (2) payload (0-224) 2/3 FEC header (2) payload (0-339) CRC (2) CRC (2) AUX1 header (1) payload (0-29) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Baseband data rates Frequency Hopping ACL 1 slot 3 slot 5 slot CO ayload User ymmetric Asymmetric Header ayload max. Rate max. Rate [kbit/s] Type [byte] [byte] FEC CRC [kbit/s] Forward Reverse D /3 yes DH no yes D /3 yes DH no yes D /3 yes DH no yes AUX no no HV1 na 10 1/3 no 64.0 HV2 na 20 2/3 no 64.0 HV3 na 30 no no 64.0 DV 1 D 10+(0-9) D 2/3 D yes D D Data edium/high rate, High-quality Voice, Data and Voice rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Figure 6.11 Frequency-hopping to avoid noise rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

5 Baseband link types olling-based TDD packet transmission 625µs slots, master polls slaves CO (ynchronous Connection Oriented) Voice eriodic single slot packet assignment, 64 kbit/s full-duplex, point-to-point ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess) Data ATER Variable packet size (1,3,5 slots), asymmetric bandwidth, point-to-multipoint CO ACL CO ACL CO ACL CO ACL f 0 f 4 f 6 f 8 f 12 f 14 f 18 f 20 Robustness low frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a master rotection from interference on certain frequencies eparation from other piconets (FH-CDA) Retransmission ACL only, very fast Forward Error Correction CO and ACL ATER Error in payload (not header!) A C C F H NAK LAVE 1 f 1 f 7 f 9 f 13 f 19 LAVE 1 B D E LAVE 2 f 5 f 21 f 17 LAVE 2 G G rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Baseband states of a Bluetooth device Example: ower consumption/cr BlueCore2 detach standby transmit AA park A inquiry hold AA tandby: do nothing Inquire: search for other devices age: connect to a specific device Connected: participate in a piconet page connected AA sniff AA unconnected connecting active low power ark: release AA, get A niff: listen periodically, not each slot Hold: stop ACL, CO still possible, possibly participate in another piconet Typical Average Current Consumption (1) VDD=1.8V Temperature = 20 C ode CO connection HV3 (1s interval niff ode) (lave) 26.0 ma CO connection HV3 (1s interval niff ode) (aster) 26.0 ma CO connection HV1 (lave) 53.0 ma CO connection HV1 (aster) 53.0 ma ACL data transfer 115.2kbps UART (aster) 15.5 ma ACL data transfer 720kbps U (lave) 53.0 ma ACL data transfer 720kbps U (aster) 53.0 ma ACL connection, niff ode 40ms interval, 38.4kbps UART 4.0 ma ACL connection, niff ode 1.28s interval, 38.4kbps UART 0.5 ma arked lave, 1.28s beacon interval, 38.4kbps UART 0.6 ma tandby ode (Connected to host, no RF activity) 47.0 µa Deep leep ode(2) 20.0 µa Notes: (1) Current consumption is the sum of both BC212015A and the flash. (2) Current consumption is for the BC212015A device only. (ore: ) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

6 Example: Bluetooth/U adapter (2002: 50 ) L2CA - Logical Link Control and Adaptation rotocol imple data link protocol on top of baseband Connection oriented, connectionless, and signalling channels rotocol multiplexing RFCO, D, telephony control egmentation & reassembly Up to 64kbyte user data, 16 bit CRC used from baseband Qo flow specification per channel Follows RFC 1363, specifies delay, jitter, bursts, bandwidth Group abstraction Create/close group, add/remove member rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C L2CA logical channels L2CA packet formats L2CA baseband lave aster lave L2CA L2CA 2 d 1 1 d d d d 1 1 d d 2 baseband baseband Connectionless DU bytes length CID=2 payload Connection-oriented DU bytes length CID payload signalling ACL connectionless connection-oriented ignalling command DU 2 2 bytes length CID=1 One or more commands code ID length data rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

7 ecurity D ervice Discovery rotocol IN (1-16 byte) E 2 link key (128 bit) E 3 User input (initialization) airing Authentication key generation (possibly permanent storage) Authentication Encryption key generation (temporary storage) IN (1-16 byte) E 2 link key (128 bit) E 3 Inquiry/response protocol for discovering services earching for and browsing services in radio proximity Adapted to the highly dynamic environment Can be complemented by others like L, Jini, alutation, Defines discovery only, not the usage of services Caching of discovered services Gradual discovery encryption key (128 bit) Keystream generator Encryption encryption key (128 bit) Keystream generator ervice record format Information about services provided by attributes Attributes are composed of an 16 bit ID (name) and a value values may be derived from 128 bit Universally Unique Identifiers (UUID) payload key Ciphering payload key Data Cipher data Data rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C RFCO Additional protocols to support legacy protocols/apps. Emulation of a serial port (supports a large base of legacy applications) Allows multiple ports over a single physical channel Telephony Control rotocol pecification (TC) Call control (setup, release) OBEX WA Group management Exchange of objects, IrDA replacement Interacting with applications on cellular phones rofiles Represent default solutions for a certain usage model Vertical slice through the protocol stack Applications Basis for interoperability Generic Access rofile ervice Discovery Application rofile Cordless Telephony rofile Intercom rofile erial ort rofile Headset rofile Dial-up Networking rofile Additional rofiles Advanced Audio Distribution rofiles Fax rofile AN Audio Video Remote Control LAN Access rofile Basic rinting Generic Object Exchange rofile Basic Imaging Object ush rofile Extended ervice Discovery File Transfer rofile Generic Audio Video Distribution ynchronization rofile Hands Free Hardcopy Cable Replacement rotocols rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

8 WAN: IEEE Bluetooth WAN: IEEE future developments 1 Data rate ynchronous, connection-oriented: 64 kbit/s Asynchronous, connectionless kbit/s symmetric / 57.6 kbit/s asymmetric Transmission range O (ersonal Operating pace) up to 10 m with special transceivers up to 100 m Frequency Free 2.4 GHz I-band ecurity Challenge/response (AFER+), hopping sequence Availability Integrated into many products, several vendors Connection set-up time Depends on power-mode ax. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s Quality of ervice Guarantees, ARQ/FEC anageability ublic/private keys needed, key management not specified, simple system integration pecial Advantages/Disadvantages Advantage: already integrated into several products, available worldwide, free I-band, several vendors, simple system, simple ad-hoc networking, peer to peer, scatternets Disadvantage: interference on I-band, limited range, max. 8 devices/network&master, high set-up latency : Coexistance Coexistence of Wireless ersonal Area Networks (802.15) and Wireless Local Area Networks (802.11), quantify the mutual interference : High-Rate tandard for high-rate (20bit/s or greater) WANs, while still lowpower/low-cost Data Rates: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 bit/s Quality of ervice isochronous protocol Ad hoc peer-to-peer networking ecurity Low power consumption Low cost Designed to meet the demanding requirements of portable consumer imaging and multimedia applications rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C WAN: IEEE future developments 2 everal working groups extend the standard a: Alternative HY with higher data rate as extension to Applications: multimedia, picture transmission b: Enhanced interoperability of AC Correction of errors and ambiguities in the standard c: Alternative HY at GHz Goal: data rates above 2 Gbit/s Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be found in products later WAN: IEEE future developments : Low-Rate, Very Low-ower Low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity otential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remote controls, and home automation Data rates of kbit/s, latency down to 15 ms aster-lave or eer-to-eer operation Up to 254 devices or simpler nodes upport for critical latency devices, such as joysticks CA/CA channel access (data centric), slotted (beacon) or unslotted Automatic network establishment by the AN coordinator Dynamic device addressing, flexible addressing format Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability ower management to ensure low power consumption 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz I band, 10 channels in the 915 Hz U I band and one channel in the European 868 Hz band Basis of the ZigBee technology rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

9 WAN: IEEE future developments 4 everal working groups extend the standard a: Alternative HY with lower data rate as extension to roperties: precise localization (< 1m precision), extremely low power consumption, longer range Two HY alternatives UWB (Ultra Wideband): ultra short pulses, communication and localization C (Chirp pread pectrum): communication only b: Extensions, corrections, and clarifications regarding Usage of new bands, more flexible security mechanisms : esh Networking artial meshes, full meshes Range extension, more robustness, longer battery live Not all these working groups really create a standard, not all standards will be found in products later ome more IEEE standards for mobile communications IEEE : Broadband Wireless Access / WirelessAN / Wiax Wireless distribution system, e.g., for the last mile, alternative to DL 75 bit/s up to 50 km LO, up to 10 km NLO; 2-66 GHz band Initial standards without roaming or mobility support e adds mobility support, allows for roaming at 150 km/h Unclear relation to , started as fixed system IEEE : obile Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Licensed bands < 3.5 GHz, optimized for I traffic eak rate > 1 bit/s per user Different mobility classes up to 250 km/h and ranges up to 15 km IEEE : edia Independent Handover Interoperability tandardize handover between different 802.x and/or non 802 networks IEEE : Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) Radio-based HY/AC for use by license-exempt devices on a noninterfering basis in spectrum that is allocated to the TV Broadcast ervice rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C WLAN: Home RF yet another standard, no success vs.(?) /Bluetooth Data rate 0.8, 1.6, 5, 10 bit/s Transmission range 300m outdoor, 30m indoor Frequency 2.4 GHz I ecurity trong encryption, no open access Cost Adapter 130, base station 230 Availability everal products from different vendors, no more support Connection set-up time 10 ms bounded latency Quality of ervice Up to 8 streams A/V, up to 8 voice streams, priorities, best-effort anageability Like DECT & 802-LANs pecial Advantages/Disadvantages Advantage: extended Qo support, host/client and peer/peer, power saving, security Disadvantage: future uncertain due to DECT-only devices plus a/b for data Bluetooth may act like a rogue member of the network f [Hz] Does not know anything about gaps, inter frame spacing etc b 2402 DIF DIF 500 byte DIF 100 byte IF IF DIF DIF 100 byte 1000 byte IF 500 byte IF DIF IEEE discusses these problems roposal: Adaptive Frequency Hopping DIF 100 byte IF a non-collaborative Coexistence echanism Real effects? any different opinions, publications, tests, formulae, Results from complete breakdown to almost no effect Bluetooth (FH) seems more robust than b (D) IF DIF DIF 100 byte IF 500 byte DIF 100 byte IF t 3 channels (separated by installation) channels (separated by hopping pattern) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

10 RF Controllers I bands RFID Radio Frequency Identification (1) Data rate Typ. up to 115 kbit/s (serial interface) Transmission range m, depending on power (typ mw) Frequency Typ. 27 (EU, U), 315 (U), 418 (EU), 426 (Japan), 433 (EU), 868 (EU), 915 (U) Hz (depending on regulations) ecurity ome products with added processors Cost Cheap: Availability any products, many vendors Connection set-up time N/A Quality of ervice none anageability Very simple, same as serial interface pecial Advantages/Disadvantages Advantage: very low cost, large experience, high volume available Disadvantage: no Qo, crowded I bands (particularly 27 and 433 Hz), typ. no edium Access Control, 418 Hz experiences interference with TETRA Data rate Transmission of ID only (e.g., 48 bit, 64kbit, 1 bit) kbit/s Transmission range assive: up to 3 m Active: up to m imultaneous detection of up to, e.g., 256 tags, scanning of, e.g., 40 tags/s Frequency 125 khz, Hz, 433 Hz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and many others ecurity Application dependent, typ. no crypt. on RFID device Cost Very cheap tags, down to 1 (passive) Availability any products, many vendors Connection set-up time Depends on product/medium access scheme (typ. 2 ms per device) Quality of ervice none anageability Very simple, same as serial interface pecial Advantages/Disadvantages Advantage: extremely low cost, large experience, high volume available, no power for passive RFIDs needed, large variety of products, relative speeds up to 300 km/h, broad temp. range Disadvantage: no Qo, simple denial of service, crowded I bands, typ. oneway (activation/ transmission of ID) rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Function RFID Radio Frequency Identification (2) tandard: In response to a radio interrogation signal from a reader (base station) the RFID tags transmit their ID Enhanced: additionally data can be sent to the tags, different media access schemes (collision avoidance) Features No line-of sight required (compared to, e.g., laser scanners) RFID tags withstand difficult environmental conditions (sunlight, cold, frost, dirt etc.) roducts available with read/write memory, smart-card capabilities Categories assive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the air which is feasible up to distances of 3 m, low price (1 ) Active RFID: battery powered, distances up to 100 m Applications RFID Radio Frequency Identification (3) Total asset visibility: tracking of goods during manufacturing, localization of pallets, goods etc. Loyalty cards: customers use RFID tags for payment at, e.g., gas stations, collection of buying patterns Automated toll collection: RFIDs mounted in windshields allow commuters to drive through toll plazas without stopping Others: access control, animal identification, tracking of hazardous material, inventory control, warehouse management,... Local ositioning ystems G useless indoors or underground, problematic in cities with high buildings RFID tags transmit signals, receivers estimate the tag location by measuring the signal s time of flight rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

11 ecurity RFID Radio Frequency Identification (4) Denial-of-ervice attacks are always possible Interference of the wireless transmission, shielding of transceivers IDs via manufacturing or one time programming Key exchange via, e.g., RA possible, encryption via, e.g., AE Future Trends RTL: Real-Time Locating ystem big efforts to make total asset visibility come true Integration of RFID technology into the manufacturing, distribution and logistics chain Creation of electronic manifests at item or package level (embedded inexpensive passive RFID tags) 3D tracking of children, patients RFID Radio Frequency Identification (5) Devices and Companies AXCE Inc., Checkpoint ystems Group, GELU, Intermec/Intellitag, I-Ray Technologies, RF Code, Texas Instruments, WhereNet, Wireless ountain, XCI, Only a very small selection rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C RFID Radio Frequency Identification (6) Example roduct: Intermec RFID UHF OE Reader Read range up to 7m Anticollision algorithm allows for scanning of 40 tags per second regardless of the number of tags within the reading zone U: unlicensed 915 Hz, Frequency Hopping Read: 8 byte < 32 ms Write: 1 byte < 100ms Example roduct: Wireless ountain pider roprietary sparse code anti-collision algorithm Detection range 15 m indoor, 100 m line-of-sight > 1 billion distinct codes Read rate > 75 tags/s Operates at 308 Hz RFID Radio Frequency Identification (7) Relevant tandards American National tandards Institute ANI, Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques JTC 1/C 31, European Radiocommunications Office ERO, European Telecommunications tandards Institute ETI, Identification Cards and related devices JTC 1/C 17, Identification and communication IO TC 104 / C 4, Road Transport and Traffic Telematics CEN TC 278, Transport Information and Control ystems IO/TC204, rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

12 IO tandards RFID Radio Frequency Identification (8) IO H Data Identifiers EAN.UCC Application Identifiers IO yntax for High Capacity ADC edia IO Transfer yntax IO art 2, khz art 3, Hz art 4, 2.45 GHz art 5, 5.8 GHz art 6, UHF ( Hz, 433 Hz) IO RFID Device Conformance Test ethods IO RF Tag and Interrogator erformance Test ethods I band interference any sources of interference icrowave ovens, microwave lightning , b, g, , Home RF Even analog TV transmission, surveillance Unlicensed metropolitan area networks Levels of interference hysical layer: interference acts like noise pread spectrum tries to minimize this FEC/interleaving tries to correct AC layer: algorithms not harmonized E.g., Bluetooth might confuse OLD NEW Fusion Lighting, Inc. rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ZigBee IEEE & ZigBee In Context Relation to similar to Bluetooth / ushed by Chipcon, ember, freescale (otorola), Honeywell, itsubishi, otorola, hilips, amsung ore than 150 members romoter (40000$/Jahr), articipant (9500$/Jahr), Adopter (3500$/Jahr) No free access to the specifications (only promoters and participants) ZigBee platforms comprise IEEE for layers 1 and 2 ZigBee protocol stack up to the applications Application AI ecurity 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption Network tar / esh / Cluster-Tree AC HY 868Hz / 915Hz / 2.4GHz ilicon tack App Customer ZigBee Alliance IEEE the software Network, ecurity & Application layers Brand management IEEE the hardware hysical & edia Access Control layers rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

13 The 802 Wireless pace ZigBee and Other Wireless Technologies ource: ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ZigBee Aims Low Low data rate Low power consumption mall packet devices ZigBee Frequencies Operates in Unlicensed Bands I 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps 868 Hz European Band at 20kbps 915 Hz North American Band at 40kbps rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

14 What Does ZigBee Do? Lights and witches Designed for wireless controls and sensors Operates in ersonal Area Networks (AN s) and device-to-device networks Connectivity between small packet devices Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc. ource: ZigBee pecification Document rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C Topology tar How ZigBee Works Cluster Tree esh Network coordinator, routers, end devices How ZigBee Works tates of operation Active leep Devices Full Function Devices (FFD s) Reduced Function Devices (RFD s) odes of operation Beacon Non-beacon rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C

15 ZigBee esh Networking ZigBee esh Networking lide Courtesy of lide Courtesy of rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: ZigBee esh Networking ZigBee esh Networking lide Courtesy of lide Courtesy of rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource:

16 ZigBee esh Networking ZigBee and the Hype Cycle lide Courtesy of rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: ZigBee and the Hype Cycle ZigBee and the Hype Cycle rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource:

17 ZigBee s Future ZigBee Network Configuration ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C ource: rof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen chiller, C