One advantage that SONAR has over any other music-sequencing product I ve worked

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1 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: CAL 101 Oe advatage that SONAR has over ay other music-sequecig product I ve worked with is that it eables you to exted its fuctioality. If you fid yourself i a situatio i which you eed to edit your MIDI or audio data i some way that is ot possible with ay of the curret SONAR features (which is ot a commo occurrece, but it ca happe), you ca create a ew editig fuctio to take care of the task by usig CAL. What is CAL, ad how do you use it? Well, that s exactly what you ll lear i this chapter. This chapter will do the followig: Defie CAL. Show you how to ru a existig CAL program. Explai prewritte CAL programs. Demostrate how to view CAL programs. What Is CAL? CAL (Cakewalk Applicatio Laguage) is a computer-programmig laguage that exists withi the SONAR eviromet. You ca exted the fuctioality of SONAR by creatig your ow custom MIDI ad audio data editig commads usig CAL programs (also called scripts). A CAL program is a set of istructios writte i the Cakewalk Applicatio Laguage that tells SONAR how to perform a certai task. For example, if you wat to chage the volume of every other MIDI ote i track 1 to a certai value automatically, you ca write a CAL program to do just that. Ad for future use, you ca save CAL programs to disk as files with a.cal extesio. Programmig Laguages A programmig laguage is a set of commads, symbols, ad rules that are used to teach a computer how to perform tasks. By combiig these laguage elemets i differet ways, you ca teach a computer to perform ay umber of tasks, such as recordig ad playig music. The combiatio of elemets for a certai task or set of tasks is called a computer program. For example, SONAR is a computer program, albeit a very complex oe. 647

2 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: SONAR 8 Power!: The Comprehesive Guide A umber of differet kids of programmig laguages exist, icludig BASIC, FORTRAN, C, LISP, ad may others. Each has uique characteristics. If you are familiar with C ad LISP, you ll feel right at home with CAL; it derives may of its characteristics from these two laguages. You might be sayig to yourself, Um, well, that s ice, but I kow othig about computer programmig, so what good is CAL goig to do for me? Not to worry. Yes, CAL is a very complex feature of SONAR. If you really wat to take full advatage of it, you have to lear how to use the laguage, but that does t mea CAL is t accessible if you re a begiig user. There are a umber of prewritte CAL programs icluded with SONAR that you ca use i your ow projects. Cakewalk also provides a ice library of additioal CAL programs o its Web site that you ca dowload for free. Ruig a CAL Program Because all CAL programs are differet, I ca t explai how to use them i oe all-ecompassig way. Whe you ru a CAL program, it usually asks you for some kid of iput, depedig o what the program is supposed to do ad how it is supposed to maipulate your music data. But you ca still follow this basic procedure to ru a CAL program: 1. Select the track(s) (or data withi the tracks) i the Track view that you wat the CAL program to edit. This first step is ot always ecessary; it depeds o the task the CAL program is supposed to perform. It also depeds o whether the CAL program was writte to process oly selected data i a project or all the tracks i a project. The oly way to determie the fuctio of a CAL program is to view it with Widows Notepad, which you ll lear about later i this chapter. 2. Choose Process 4 Ru CAL (or press CtrlþF1) to display the Ope dialog box. 3. Choose the CAL program you wat to ru ad click Ope. That s all there is to it. Some CAL programs immediately carry out their tasks, whereas others first display additioal dialog boxes if you eed to iput ay values. The best way to begi usig CAL (ad to see how it works) is to try out some of the sample programs icluded with SONAR. Ru CAL Programs Durig Playback You ca ru CAL programs while a project is beig played back. This meas that you ca hear the results of the CAL program o your data at the same time your music is beig played. If you do t like what the CAL program does, just choose Edit 4 Udo (or press CtrlþZ) to remove ay chages the program makes to your data. If you the decide that you actually like the chages, istead of ruig the CAL program agai, just choose Edit 4 Redo (or press CtrlþShiftþZ) to put the chages back i place.

3 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: 649 Chapter 17 CAL The CAL Files To give you a better uderstadig of how CAL works ad how you ca beefit from it, I ll describe the prewritte CAL programs icluded with SONAR i the followig sectios. I ll give you a brief descriptio of what each program does ad how to use it. Domiat 7th Chord.CAL The Domiat 7th Chord.CAL program builds domiat seveth chords by addig three otes with the same time, velocity, ad duratio to each selected MIDI ote i a track. I other words, if you select a ote withi a track ad ru Domiat 7th Chord.CAL, the program treats the selected ote as the root of a domiat seveth chord ad adds a mior third, a perfect fifth, ad a mior seveth o top of it, thus creatig a domiat seveth chord automatically. Of course, if you kow how to compose music, you probably wo t get much use out of this CAL program. However, you might fid it useful while workig i the Staff view. While you re editig a MIDI data track i the Staff view, try highlightig a ote ad the ruig Domiat 7th Chord.CAL. It s cool to see those additioal otes just appear as if by magic. This program ca save you some time while you re iputtig otes by had, too. Other Chord.CAL Programs SONAR icludes a umber of other chord-buildig CAL programs that work the same way as Domiat 7th Chord.CAL, except they build differet kids of chords: Major 7th Chord.CAL. This builds major seveth chords by addig the major third, perfect fifth, ad major seveth itervals to the selected root ote or otes. Major Chord.CAL. This builds major chords by addig the major third ad perfect fifth itervals to the selected root ote or otes. Mior 7th Chord.CAL. This builds mior seveth chords by addig the mior third, perfect fifth, ad mior seveth itervals to the selected root ote or otes. Mior Chord.CAL. This builds mior chords by addig the mior third ad perfect fifth itervals to the selected root ote or otes. Radom Time.CAL If you overidulge yourself while usig SONAR s quatizig features, your music ca sometimes soud like computer music with a robotic or machielike feel to it. I some cases, this soud is desirable, but whe you re workig o a jazz or rhythm ad blues piece, you do t wat the drums (or ay of the other istrumets, for that matter) to soud like a robot played them. I this case, Radom Time.CAL may be of some help. This CAL program takes the start times of each selected evet i a track ad adds a radom umber of ticks to them. To give you some cotrol over this radomizatio, the program first asks you for a umber of ticks o which to base its chages. It the adds a radom umber to

4 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: SONAR 8 Power!: The Comprehesive Guide each evet time that is betwee plus or mius oe-half the umber of ticks that you iput. For istace, if you tell the program to use six ticks, each evet time will have oe of the followig umbers (chose at radom) added to it: 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, or 3. Usig this program is a great way to add a little bit of huma feel back ito those robotic-soudig tracks. To use Radom Time.CAL, just follow these steps: 1. Select the track(s) i the Track view that you wat to process. Alteratively, you ca select a sigle clip withi a track or a specific rage of evets i oe of the other views, such as the Piao Roll view or the Staff view. 2. Choose Process 4 Ru CAL (or press CtrlþF1) to display the Ope dialog box. 3. Choose the Radom Time.CAL file ad click Ope. The Radom Time.CAL program will display a CAL dialog box (see Figure 17.1). Figure 17.1 The Radom Time.CAL program asks for the umber of ticks upo which to base its evet time processig. 4. Eter the umber of ticks you wat to use ad click OK. You ll probably eed to experimet a little bit with the umber of ticks that you use because a umber that is too large ca make your music soud sloppy or too far off the beat. Scale Velocity.CAL The Scale Velocity.CAL program is icluded with SONAR just to serve as a programmig example; other tha that, you do t really eed it. SONAR already icludes a Scale Velocity editig fuctio, which provides eve more features tha Scale Velocity.CAL. Split Chael to Tracks.CAL If you ever eed to share your music data with someoe who ows a sequecig program other tha SONAR, you ca save your project as a.smf (Stadard MIDI File) file. Most computer music software products o the market support Stadard MIDI Files; thus, they allow musicias to work together o the same sog without havig to ow the same software. However, ot all Stadard MIDI Files are created equally. Actually, several types of files are available; oe i particular is called Type 0. A Type 0 MIDI file stores all its data which is all the MIDI data from all 16 MIDI chaels o oe track. Type 0 files are used ofte for video

5 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: 651 Chapter 17 CAL game composig but hardly ever used whe composig for ay other medium. Still, you might ru across a Type 0 MIDI file, ad if you ope the file i SONAR, all the data shows up o oe track i the Track view. Editig the data is rather difficult, so Split Chael to Tracks.CAL is a useful tool i this situatio. Split Chael to Tracks.CAL takes the selected track ad separates the data from it by MIDI chael ito 16 ew tracks. For example, if the track cotais data o MIDI chaels 1, 4, 5, ad 6, Split Chael to Tracks.CAL creates 16 ew tracks (from the iitial track), with the first track cotaiig data from chael 1, the fourth track cotaiig data from chael 4, ad so o. The remaiig tracks that do t have correspodig chael data are just blak. You use Split Chael to Tracks.CAL like this: 1. Select a track i the Track view. 2. If you wat to split oly a portio of the track, set the From ad Thru markers to the appropriate time values. 3. Choose Process 4 Ru CAL (or press CtrlþF1) to ope the Ope dialog box. 4. Choose the Split Chael to Tracks.CAL file ad click Ope. The Split Chael to Tracks.CAL program will display a CAL dialog box (see Figure 17.2). Figure 17.2 The Split Chael to Tracks.CAL program asks for the umber of the track to start with whe you re creatig the ew tracks. 5. Eter the umber of the first track that you wat Split Chael to Tracks.CAL to use whe it creates the ew tracks ad click OK. Overwritig Tracks Be sure to eter the umber of the last track i your project plus oe, so the ewly created tracks do t overwrite ay existig oes. For example, if the umber of the last track i your project is 16, the eter 17. After it s fiished processig the origial track, Split Chael to Tracks.CAL will create 16 ew tracks, startig with the track umber you selected, each cotaiig data from oe of the 16 correspodig MIDI chaels. Now you ca access ad edit the music data more easily.

6 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: SONAR 8 Power!: The Comprehesive Guide Split Note to Tracks.CAL The Split Note to Tracks.CAL program is similar to Split Chael to Tracks.CAL, except that istead of separatig the MIDI data from a selected track by chael, it separates the data by ote. For example, if you select a track that cotais otes with values of C4, A2, ad G3, Split Note to Tracks.CAL separates that track ito three ew tracks, each cotaiig all otes with oly oe of the available ote values. I this example, a ew track cotaiig oly otes with a value of C4 would be created, aother ew track cotaiig oly A2 otes would be created, ad aother ew track cotaiig oly G3 otes would be created. This CAL program ca be useful if you re workig with a sigle drum track that cotais the data for a umber of differet drum istrumets. I MIDI, differet drum istrumets are represeted by differet ote values because drums ca t play melodies. So if you wat to edit a sigle drum istrumet at a time, havig each istrumet o its ow track would be easier. I that case, Split Note to Tracks.CAL ca be put to good use. To apply Split Note to Tracks.CAL to your music data, follow these steps: 1. Choose Process 4 Ru CAL (or press CtrlþF1) to ope the Ope dialog box. 2. Choose the Split Note to Tracks.CAL file ad click Ope. 3. The Split Note to Tracks.CAL program will ask for the umber of your source track (see Figure 17.3). This is the track you wat to split ito ew tracks. Eter a track umber ad click OK. Figure 17.3 Here you ca eter the source track for the Split Note to Tracks.CAL program. 4. The program will ask you for the umber of the first destiatio track (see Figure 17.4). This is the umber of the first ew track that will be created. Eter a umber ad click OK. Overwritig Tracks Be sure to eter the umber of the last track i your project plus oe, so the ewly created tracks do t overwrite ay existig oes. For example, if the umber of the last track i your project is 16, the eter 17.

7 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: 653 Chapter 17 CAL Figure 17.4 Here you ca eter the first destiatio track for the Split Note to Tracks.CAL program. 5. The program will ask you for the umber of the destiatio chael (see Figure 17.5). This is the MIDI chael to which you wat all the ew tracks to be set. Uless you wat to chage the chael, you should simply select the same chael that the source track is usig. Eter a umber from 1 to 16 ad click OK. Figure 17.5 Here you ca eter the destiatio chael for the Split Note to Tracks.CAL program. 6. Fially, the program will ask you for the umber of the destiatio port (see Figure 17.6). This is the MIDI output to which you wat all the ew tracks to be set. Agai, you should simply select the same output that the source track is usig. Eter a umber from 1 to 16 ad click OK. Figure 17.6 Here you ca eter the destiatio port for the Split Note to Tracks.CAL program. After you aswer the last questio, Split Note to Tracks.CAL will process the origial track ad create a umber of ew tracks (depedig o how may differet ote values are preset i the origial track), each cotaiig all the otes for each correspodig ote value.

8 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: SONAR 8 Power!: The Comprehesive Guide Thi Cotroller Data.CAL You use MIDI cotroller data to add expressive qualities to your MIDI music tracks. For example, you ca make a certai passage of music get gradually louder or softer (crescedo or decrescedo) by addig MIDI cotroller umber 7 (Volume) to your MIDI tracks. Sometimes, though, a overabudace of MIDI data ca overload your MIDI istrumets ad cause aomalies, such as stuck otes ad delays i playback. If you have this problem, you ca try thiig out the MIDI cotroller data i your tracks by usig Thi Cotroller Data.CAL. This program decreases the amout of data beig set to your MIDI istrumets by deletig oly a select umber of cotroller evets eough to reduce the amout of data without adversely affectig the music performace. It works like this: 1. Select the track(s) i the Track view that you wat to process. You also ca select a sigle clip withi a track, or you ca select a specific rage of evets withi oe of the other views, such as the Piao Roll view or the Staff view. 2. Choose Process 4 Ru CAL (or press CtrlþF1) to display the Ope dialog box. 3. Choose the Thi Cotroller Data.CAL file ad click Ope. 4. The Thi Cotroller Data.CAL program will ask you for the umber of the MIDI cotroller you wat to process (see Figure 17.7). For example, if you wat to remove some of the volume data from a track, use MIDI cotroller umber 7. Eter a umber from 0 to 127 ad click OK. Figure 17.7 Here you ca eter the cotroller umber for the Thi Cotroller Data.CAL program. 5. The program will ask you for the thiig factor (see Figure 17.8). For example, if you eter a value of 4, the program will delete every fourth volume evet it fids i the selected track or tracks. Eter a umber from 1 to 100 ad click OK. After you aswer the last questio, Thi Cotroller Data.CAL will process the selected track or tracks ad delete all the MIDI cotroller evets that correspod to the MIDI cotroller umber ad the thiig factor you etered. If this procedure does t clear up your MIDI playback problems, you ca try thiig the data some more, but be careful ot to thi it too much;

9 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: 655 Chapter 17 CAL Figure 17.8 Here you ca eter the thiig factor for the Thi Cotroller Data.CAL program. otherwise, your crescedos ad decrescedos (or other cotroller-iflueced music passages) will start to soud choppy rather tha smooth. Other Thi.CAL Programs SONAR also icludes two other cotroller-thiig CAL programs. These programs work almost the same way as Thi Cotroller Data.CAL, but each is targeted toward oe specific type of cotroller. Thi Chael Aftertouch.CAL this out chael aftertouch MIDI cotroller data, ad Thi Pitch Wheel.CAL this out pitch wheel (or pitch bed) MIDI cotroller data. To ru these programs, you use the same procedure as you do with Thi Cotroller Data.CAL, but with oe exceptio. The programs do t ask you to iput the umber of a MIDI cotroller because each of them is already targeted toward a specific cotroller. Other tha that, they work i the same maer. Viewig CAL Programs Uless a CAL program comes with some writte istructios, you wo t kow what it is desiged to do to the data i your project. This is especially true if you dowload CAL programs from the Iteret. May come with documetatio, but may others do t. However, most programs do come with a brief descriptio (as well as istructios for use) withi their source code. What Is Source Code? Source code (or program code) is the text of the programmig laguage commads used for a particular program. You create a program by first writig its source code. The a computer ca ru the program by readig the source code ad executig the commads i the appropriate maer, thus carryig out the iteded task. To read the source code of a CAL program, you eed to use Widows Notepad (or some other plai text editor). As a example, take a look at the source code for Major Chord.CAL: 1. I Widows XP or Vista, choose Start 4 All Programs 4 Accessories 4 Notepad to ope Widows Notepad.

10 *gajedra* D:/Thomso_Learig_Projects/Garrigus_163132/z_productio/z_3B2_3D_files/Garrigus_163132_ch17.3d, 14/11/08/16:26:39, 16:26, page: SONAR 8 Power!: The Comprehesive Guide 2. Choose File 4 Ope ad select the Major Chord.CAL file from the SONAR directory o your hard drive (or some other directory where your CAL files are stored). Click Ope. Widows Notepad will ope Major Chord.CAL ad display its source code (see Figure 17.9). Figure 17.9 You ca use Widows Notepad to examie ad edit the source code of a CAL program. As you ca see i Figure 17.9, Widows Notepad allows you to see the source code of Major Chord.CAL ad also to read the brief descriptio icluded there. You ca do the same thig with ay other CAL program to fid out how you ca use it ad what task it s supposed to perform. But that s ot all! Usig Widows Notepad, you ca edit the source code for a CAL program, as well as create a CAL program from scratch. Because CAL programs are just plai text, you ca use the same editig techiques you do with ay other text, such as cut, copy, ad paste text-editig procedures.

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_CH17_525_10/31/06 CAL 101 1-59863-307-4_CH17_525_10/31/06 17 One advantage that SONAR has over any other music-sequencing product I ve worked with is that it enables the user to extend its functionality. If you find yourself in

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