3.1 The cin Object. Expressions & I/O. Console Input. Example program using cin. Unit 2. Sections 2.14, , 5.1, CS 1428 Spring 2018
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1 Expressions & I/O Unit 2 Sections 2.14, , 5.1, 5.11 CS 1428 Spring 2018 Ji Seaman The cin Object cin: short for consoe input a stream object: represents the contents of the screen that are entered/typed by the user using the keyboard. requires iostream ibrary to be incuded >>: the stream extraction operator use it to read data from cin (entered via the keyboard) cin >> height; when this instruction is executed, it waits for the user to type, it reads the characters unti space or enter (newine) is typed, then it stores the vaue in the variabe. right-hand operand MUST be a variabe. 2 Consoe Input Exampe program using cin Output a prompt (using cout) to te the user what type of data to enter BEFORE using cin: foat diameter; cout << What is the diameter of the circe? ; cin >> diameter; You can input mutipe vaues in one statement: int x, y; cout << Enter two integers: << end; cin >> x >> y; the user may enter them on one ine (separated by a space) or on separate ines. 3 #incude <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int ength, width, area; cout << "This program cacuates the area of a "; cout << "rectange.\n"; cout << "Enter the ength and width of the rectange "; cout << "separated by a space.\n"; cin >> ength >> width; area = ength * width; cout << "The area of the rectange is " << area << end; return 0; } output screen: This program cacuates the area of a rectange. Enter the ength and width of the rectange separated by a space The area of the rectange is 200
2 2.14 Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic Operators An operator is a symbo that tes the computer to perform specific mathematica or ogica manipuations (caed operations). An operand is a vaue used with an operator to perform an operation. C++ has unary and binary operators: unary (1 operand) -5 binary (2 operands) Unary operators: SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLES + unary pus +10, +y - negation -5, -x Binary operators: SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE + addition x + y - subtraction index - 1 * mutipication hours * rate / division tota / count % moduus count % 3 6 Integer Division Moduus If both operands are integers, / (division) operator aways performs integer division. The fractiona part is ost!! cout << 13 / 5; // dispays 2 cout << 91 / 7; // dispays 13 If either operand is foating point, the resut is foating point. cout << 13 / 5.0; // dispays 2.6 cout << 91.0 / 7; // dispays 13 7 % (moduus) operator computes the remainder resuting from integer division cout << 13 % 5; // dispays 3 cout << 91 % 7; // dispays 0 % requires integers for both operands cout << 13 % 5.0; cout << 91.0 % 7; // error // error 8
3 3.2 Mathematica Expressions An expression is a program component that evauates to a vaue. An expression can be a itera, a variabe, or a combination of these using operators and parentheses. Exampes: 4 num x * x * x 16 * x + 3 x * y / z 'A' -15e10 2 * ( + w) Each expression has a type, which is the data type of the resut vaue. 9 Where can expressions occur? The rhs (right-hand-side) of an assignment statement: x = y * 10 / 3; y = 8; x = y; aletter = 'W'; num = num + 1; The rhs of a stream insertion operator (<<) (cout): cout << The pay is << hours * rate << end; cout << num; cout << 25 / y; More paces we don t know about yet Operator Precedence (order of operations) Which operation does the computer perform first? answer = 1 + x + z; resut = x + 5 * y; Precedence Rues specify which happens first, in this order: - (negation) * / % + - If the expression has mutipe operators from the same eve, they associate eft to right or right to eft: - (negation) Right to eft * / % Left to right + - Left to right 11 Parentheses You can use parentheses to override the precedence or associativity rues: Some exampes: a + b / 4 (a + b) / 4 (4 * 17) + (3 1) a (b - c) * 4 10 / * % * 5 /
4 Exponents There is no operator for exponentiation in C++ There is a ibrary function caed pow y = pow(x, 3.0); // x to the third power The expression pow(x,3.0) is a ca to the pow function with arguments x and 3.0. Arguments can have type doube or int and the resut is a doube. If x is 2.0, then 8.0 wi be stored in y. The vaue stored in x is not changed. #incude <cmath> is required to use pow Type Conversion The computer (ALU) cannot perform operations between operands of different data types. If the operands of an expression have different types, the compier wi convert one to be the type of the other This is caed an impicit type conversion, or a type coercion. Usuay, the operand with the ower ranking type is converted to the type of the higher one. Order of types: doube foat ong int 14 char Type Conversion Rues 3.5 Type Casting Binary ops: convert the operand with the ower ranking type to the type of the other operand. int years; Aways safe foat interestrate, resut;... resut = years * interestrate; // years is converted to foat before being mutipied Assignment ops: rhs is converted to the type of the variabe on the hs. int x, y = 4; foat z = 2.7; x = 4 * z; //4 is converted to foat, Not aways safe, information oss //then 10.8 is converted to int (10) cout << x << end; OUTPUT: Type casting is an expicit (or manua) type conversion. y = static_cast<int>(x); // converts x to int mainy used to force foating-point division int hits, atbats; foat battingavg;... cin >> hits >> atbats; // assume: 3 8 battingavg = static_cast<foat>(hits)/atbats; why not:? battingavg = static_cast<foat>(hits/atbats); Resut:
5 3.4 Overfow/Underfow Happens when the vaue assigned to a variabe is too arge or sma for its type (out of range). integers tend to wrap around, without warning: short testvar = 32767; cout << testvar << end; testvar = testvar + 1; cout << testvar << end; foating point vaue overfow/underfow: may or may not get a warning resut may be 0 or random vaue // 32767, max vaue //-32768, min vaue Mutipe Assignment You can assign the same vaue to severa variabes in one statement: a = b = c = 12; is equivaent to: a = 12; b = 12; c = 12; Combined Assignment 5.1 Increment and Decrement Assignment statements often have this form: number = number + 1; //add 1 to number tota = tota + x; y = y / 2; //add x to tota //divide y by 2 int number = 10; number = number + 1; cout << number << end; C/C++ offers shorthand for these: number += 1; // short for number = number+1; tota -= x; y /= 2; // short for tota = tota-x; // short for y = y / 2; 19 C++ provides unary operators to increment and decrement. Increment operator: ++ Decrement operator: -- can be used before (prefix) or after (postfix) a variabe Exampes: int num = 10; num++; //equivaent to: num = num + 1; num--; ++num; //equivaent to: num = num - 1; //equivaent to: num = num + 1; --num; //equivaent to: num = num - 1; 20
6 Prefix vs Postfix ++ and -- operators can be used in expressions In prefix mode (++va, --va) the operator increments or decrements, then returns the new vaue of the variabe In postfix mode (va++, va--) the operator returns the origina vaue of the variabe, then increments or decrements int num, va = 12; cout << va++; // cout << va; va = va+1; cout << ++va; // va = va + 1; cout << va; num = --va; // va = va - 1; num = va; num = va--; // num = va; va = va -1; 3.9 More Math Library Functions These require cmath header fie These take doube argument, return a doube Commony used functions: pow y = pow(x,d); returns x raised to the power d abs y = abs(x); returns absoute vaue of x sqrt y = sqrt(x); returns square root of x cei y = cei(x); returns the smaest integer >= x sin y = sin(x); returns the sine of x (in radians) etc. It s confusing, don t do this! Hand Tracing a Program You be the computer. Track the vaues of the variabes as the program executes. step through and execute each statement, one-by-one record the contents of variabes after each statement execution, using a hand trace chart (tabe) or boxes. int main() { doube num1, num2; cout << Enter first number ; cin >> num1; cout << Enter second number ; cin >> num2; } num1 = (num1 + num2) / 2; num2++; cout << num1 is << num1 << end; cout << num2 is << num2 << end; num1 num2???? 10? 10? Formatting Output Formatting: the way a vaue is printed: spacing decima points, fractiona vaues, number of digits cout has a standard way of formatting vaues of each data type use stream manipuators to override this they require #incude <iomanip> 24
7 Formatting Output: setw setw is a stream manipuator, ike end setw(n)specifies the minimum width for the next item to be output cout << setw(6) << age << end; specifies to dispay age in a fied at east 6 spaces wide. vaue is right justified (padded with spaces on eft). if the vaue is too big to fit in 6 spaces, it is printed in fu, using more positions. setw: exampes Exampe with no formatting: cout << 2897 << << 5 << << 837 << end; cout << 34 << << 7 << << 1623 << end; Exampe using setw: cout << setw(6) << 2897 << setw(6) << 5 << setw(6) << 837 << end; cout << setw(6) << 34 << setw(6) << 7 << setw(6) << 1623 << end; Prog 3-12 and 3-13 output in the book is not exacty correct Formatting Output: fixed and setprecision These appy to outputting foating point vaues: by defaut, 6 tota significant digits are output. when fixed and setprecision(n) are used together, the n specifies the number of digits to be dispayed after the decima point. it remains in effect unti it is changed cout << << end; cout << fixed << setprecision(2); cout << << end; cout << << end; Note: there is no need for showpoint when using setprecision with fixed output: Formatting Output: right and eft eft causes a subsequent output to be eft justified in its fied right causes a subsequent output to be right justified in its fied. This is the defaut. doube x = , y = 24.2, z = 1.783; cout << setw(10) << x << end; cout << setw(10) << y << end; cout << setw(10) << z << end; doube x = , y = 24.2, z = 1.783; cout << eft << setw(10) << x << end; cout << setw(10) << y << end; cout << setw(10) << z << end;
8 3.8 Working with characters and string objects Using the >> operator to input strings can cause probems: It skips over any eading whitespace chars (spaces, tabs, or ine breaks) It stops reading strings when it encounters the next whitespace character! string name; cout << Pease enter your name: ; cin >> name; cout << Your name is << name << end; Using getine to input strings To work around this probem, you can use a C++ function named getine. getine(cin,var); reads in an entire ine, incuding a the spaces, and stores it in a string variabe. (the \n is not stored) string name; cout << Pease enter your name: ; getine(cin, name); cout << Your name is << name << end; Pease enter your name: Kate Smith Your name is Kate 29 Pease enter your name: Kate Smith Your name is Kate Smith 30 Mixing >> with getine Using cin>>ws Mixing cin>>x with getine(cin,y) in the same program can cause input errors that are VERY hard to detect int number; string name; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> number; // Read an integer cout << "Enter a name: "; getine(cin,name); // Read a string, up to end of ine cout << Name << name << end; Enter a number: 100 Enter a name: Name cin>>ws skips whitespace characters (space, tab, newine), unti a non-whitespace character is found. Use it after cin>>var and before getine to consume the newine so it wi start reading characters on the next ine. int number; string name; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> number; // Read an integer cin >> ws; // skip the newine cout << "Enter a name: "; getine(cin,name); // Read a string cout << Name << name << end; The program did not aow me to type a name getine(cin,name) then reads the \n and immediatey stops (name is empty) 31 Enter a number: 100 Enter a name: Jane Doe Name Jane Doe 32
9 5.11 Using Fies for Data Storage Fie Stream Variabes Variabes are stored in Main Memory/RAM Fie stream data types: vaues are ost when program is finished executing ifstream To preserve the vaues computed by the program: save them to a fie Fies are stored in Secondary Storage To have your program manipuate vaues stored in a fie, they must be input into variabes first. ofstream use #incude <fstream> for these variabes of type ofstream can be used to output (write) vaues to a fie. (ike cout) variabes of type ifstream can be used to input (read) vaues from a fie. (ike cin) Define and open fie stream objects Writing to Fies To input from a fie, decare an ifstream variabe, and open a fie by its name: ifstream fin; fin.open( mydatafie.txt ); If the fie mydatafie.txt does not exist, it wi cause an error. To output to a fie, decare an ofstream variabe, and open a fie by its name: ofstream fout; fout.open( myoutputfie.txt ); If the fie myoutputfie.txt does not exist, it wi be created. If it does exist, it wi be overwritten 35 Use the stream insertion operator (<<) on the fie output stream variabe: #incude <iostream> #incude <fstream> using namespace std; int main() { ofstream fout; fout.open( demofie.txt ); } int age; cout << Enter your age: ; cin >> age; fout << Age is: << age << end; fout.cose(); return 0; Output demofie.txt: Age is: 20 36
10 Reading from Fies Use the stream extraction operator (>>) on the fie input stream variabe: #incude <iostream> #incude <fstream> using namespace std; int main() { string name; Names.txt: Tom Dick Harry Cosing fie stream objects To cose a fie stream when you are done reading/writing: fin.cose(); fout.cose(); Not required, but good practice. ifstream fin; fin.open( Names.txt ); fin >> name; Screen output: Tom } cout << name << end; fin.cose(); Reading from fies When opened, the fie stream's read position points to first character in fie. The stream extraction operator (>>) starts at the read position and skips whitespace to read data into the variabe. The read position then points to whitespace after the vaue it just read. The next extraction (>>) starts from the new read position. This is how cin works as we. 39
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