Chapter 4 Threads. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles. Ninth Edition By William Stallings

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1 Operatig Systems: Iterals ad Desig Priciples Chapter 4 Threads Nith Editio By William Stalligs

2 Processes ad Threads Resource Owership Process icludes a virtual address space to hold the process image The OS performs a protectio fuctio to prevet uwated iterferece betwee processes with respect to resources Schedulig/Executio Follows a executio path that may be iterleaved with other processes A process has a executio state (Ruig, Ready, etc.) ad a dispatchig priority, ad is the etity that is scheduled ad dispatched by the OS

3 Processes ad Threads The uit of dispatchig is referred to as a thread or lightweight process The uit of resource owership is referred to as a process or task Multithreadig - The ability of a OS to support multiple, cocurret paths of executio withi a sigle process

4 Sigle Threaded Approaches A sigle thread of executio per process, i which the cocept of a thread is ot recogized, is referred to as a sigle-threaded approach oe process oe thread multiple processes oe thread per process oe process multiple threads multiple processes multiple threads per process MS-DOS is a example = istructio trace Figure 4.1 Threads ad Processes

5 Multithreaded Approaches The right half of Figure 4.1 depicts multithreaded approaches oe process oe thread oe process multiple threads A Java ru-time eviromet is a example of a system of oe process with multiple threads multiple processes oe thread per process = istructio trace Figure 4.1 Threads ad Processes multiple processes multiple threads per process

6 Process Defied i a multithreaded eviromet as the uit of resource allocatio ad a uit of protectio Associated with processes: A virtual address space that holds the process image Protected access to: Processors Other processes (for iterprocess commuicatio) Files I/O resources (devices ad chaels)

7 Oe or More Threads i a Process Each thread has: A executio state (Ruig, Ready, etc.) A saved thread cotext whe ot ruig A executio stack Some per-thread static storage for local variables Access to the memory ad resources of its processes, shared with all other threads i that process

8 Sigle-Threaded Process Model Process Cotrol Block User Stack Multithreaded Process Model Thread Thread Thread Thread Cotrol Block Thread Cotrol Block Thread Cotrol Block User Address Space Kerel Stack Process Cotrol Block User Stack User Stack User Stack User Address Space Kerel Stack Kerel Stack Kerel Stack Figure 4.2 Sigle Threaded ad Multithreaded Process Models

9 Key Beefits of Threads Takes less time to create a ew thread tha a process Less time to termiate a thread tha a process Switchig betwee two threads takes less time tha switchig betwee processes Threads ehace efficiecy i commuicatio betwee programs

10 Thread Use i a Sigle-User System Foregroud ad backgroud work Asychroous processig Speed of executio Modular program structure

11 I a OS that supports threads, schedulig ad dispatchig is doe o a thread basis Most of the state iformatio dealig with executio is maitaied i thread-level data structures Suspedig a process ivolves suspedig all threads of the process Termiatio of a process termiates all threads withi the process

12 The key states for a thread are: Ruig Ready Blocked Thread operatios associated with a chage i thread state are: Spaw Block Ublock Fiish

13 RPC Request RPC Request Process 1 Server Server (a) RPC Usig Sigle Thread RPC Request Server Thread A (Process 1) Thread B (Process 1) RPC Request Server (b) RPC Usig Oe Thread per Server (o a uiprocessor) Blocked, waitig for respose to RPC Blocked, waitig for processor, which is i use by Thread B Ruig Figure 4.3 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Usig Threads

14 Time I/O request Request complete Time quatum expires Thread A (Process 1) Thread B (Process 1) Thread C (Process 2) Time quatum expires Process created Blocked Ready Ruig Figure 4.4 Multithreadig Example o a Uiprocessor

15 Thread Sychroizatio It is ecessary to sychroize the activities of the various threads All threads of a process share the same address space ad other resources Ay alteratio of a resource by oe thread affects the other threads i the same process

16 Types of Threads User Level Thread (ULT) Kerel level Thread (KLT)

17 User-Level Threads (ULTs) All thread maagemet is doe by the applicatio The kerel is ot aware of the existece of threads Threads Library P User Space Kerel Space (a) Pure user-level

18 (a) Thread 1 Thread 2 (b) Thread 1 Thread 2 Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Blocked Blocked Blocked Blocked Process B Process B Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Blocked Blocked (c) Thread 1 Thread 2 (d) Thread 1 Thread 2 Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Blocked Blocked Blocked Blocked Process B Process B Ready Ruig Ready Ruig Blocked Blocked Colored state is curret state Figure 4.6 Examples of the Relatioships Betwee User-Level Thread States ad Process States

19 Schedulig ca be applicatio specific ULTs ca ru o ay OS Thread switchig does ot require kerel mode privileges

20 Disadvatages of ULTs I a typical OS may system calls are blockig As a result, whe a ULT executes a system call, ot oly is that thread blocked, but all of the threads withi the process are blocked as well I a pure ULT strategy, a multithreaded applicatio caot take advatage of multiprocessig A kerel assigs oe process to oly oe processor at a time, therefore, oly a sigle thread withi a process ca execute at a time

21 Overcomig ULT Disadvatages Jacketig Purpose is to covert a blockig system call ito a o-blockig system call Writig a applicatio as multiple processes rather tha multiple threads However, this approach elimiates the mai advatage of threads

22 Kerel-Level Threads (KLTs) P (b) Pure kerel-level User Space Kerel Space Thread maagemet is doe by the kerel There is o thread maagemet code i the applicatio level, simply a applicatio programmig iterface (API) to the kerel thread facility Widows is a example of this approach

23 Advatages of KLTs The kerel ca simultaeously schedule multiple threads from the same process o multiple processors If oe thread i a process is blocked, the kerel ca schedule aother thread of the same process Kerel routies themselves ca be multithreaded

24 Disadvatage of KLTs The trasfer of cotrol from oe thread to aother withi the same process requires a mode switch to the kerel Operatio User-Level Threads Kerel-Level Threads Processes Null Fork ,300 Sigal Wait ,840 Table 4.1 Thread ad Process Operatio Latecies (µs)

25 Combied Approaches Thread creatio is doe completely i the user space, as is the bulk of the schedulig ad sychroizatio of threads withi a applicatio Threads Library User Space Kerel Space Solaris is a good example P P (c) Combied

26 Threads:Processes Descriptio Example Systems 1:1 Each thread of executio is a uique process with its ow address space ad resources. M:1 A process defies a address space ad dyamic resource owership. Multiple threads may be created ad executed withi that process. 1:M A thread may migrate from oe process eviromet to aother. This allows a thread to be easily moved amog distict systems. M:N Combies attributes of M:1 ad 1:M cases. Traditioal UNIX implemetatios Widows NT, Solaris, Liux, OS/2, OS/390, MACH Ra (Clouds), Emerald TRIX Table 4.2 Relatioship betwee Threads ad Processes

27 8 0% 2% relative speedup 6 4 5% 10% umber of processors (a) Speedup with 0%, 2%, 5%, ad 10% sequetial portios relative speedup % 10% 15% 20% umber of processors (b) Speedup with overheads Figure 4.7 Performace Effect of Multiple Cores

28 64 48 Oracle DSS 4-way joi TMC data miig DB2 DSS sca & aggs Oracle ad hoc isurace OLTP scalig 32 perfect scalig umber of CPUs Figure 4.8 Scalig of Database Workloads o Multiple-Processor Hardware

29 Applicatios That Beefit Multithreaded ative applicatios Characterized by havig a small umber of highly threaded processes Multiprocess applicatios Characterized by the presece of may sigle-threaded processes Java applicatios All applicatios that use a Java 2 Platform, Eterprise Editio applicatio server ca immediately beefit from multicore techology Multi-istace applicatios Multiple istaces of the applicatio i parallel

30 Multithreadig Achieves cocurrecy without the overhead of usig multiple processes Threads withi the same process ca exchage iformatio through their commo address space ad have access to the shared resources of the process Threads i differet processes ca exchage iformatio through shared memory that has bee set up betwee the two processes

31 Ruable Pick to Ru Stadby Switch Ready Preempted Ruig Resource Available Ublock/Resume Resource Available Block/ Susped Termiate Trasitio Not Ruable Ublock Resource Not Available Waitig Termiated Figure 4.11 Widows Thread States

32 Solaris Process Makes use of four thread-related cocepts: Process Icludes the user s address space, stack, ad process cotrol block User-level Threads Lightweight Processes (LWP) A user-created uit of executio withi a process A mappig betwee ULTs ad kerel threads Kerel Threads Fudametal etities that ca be scheduled ad dispatched to ru o oe of the system processors

33 Process syscall() user thread Lightweight process (LWP) user thread Lightweight process (LWP) syscall() Kerel thread Kerel thread System calls Kerel Hardware Figure 4.12 Processes ad Threads i Solaris

34 UNIX Process Structure Process ID User IDs Solaris Process Structure Process ID User IDs Sigal Dispatch Table File Descriptors Memory Map Priority Sigal Mask Registers STACK Processor State Sigal Dispatch Table File Descriptors Memory Map LWP 2 LWP ID Priority Sigal Mask Registers STACK LWP 1 LWP ID Priority Sigal Mask Registers STACK Figure 4.13 Process Structure i Traditioal UNIX ad Solaris [LEWI96]

35 A Lightweight Process (LWP) Data Structure Icludes: A LWP idetifier The priority of this LWP ad hece the kerel thread that supports it A sigal mask that tells the kerel which sigals will be accepted Saved values of user-level registers The kerel stack for this LWP, which icludes system call argumets, results, ad error codes for each call level Resource usage ad profilig data Poiter to the correspodig kerel thread Poiter to the process structure

36 IDLE PINNED thread_create() itr() RUN swtch() ONPROC syscall() SLEEP preempt() wakeup() STOP ZOMBIE FREE pru() pstop() exit() reap() Figure 4.14 Solaris Thread States

37 Iterrupts as Threads Most operatig systems cotai two fudametal forms of cocurret activity: Processes (threads) Iterrupts Cooperate with each other ad maage the use of shared data structures by primitives that eforce mutual exclusio ad sychroize their executio Sychroized by prevetig their hadlig for a period of time Solaris uifies these two cocepts ito a sigle model, amely kerel threads, ad the mechaisms for schedulig ad executig kerel threads To do this, iterrupts are coverted to kerel threads

38 Solaris Solutio Solaris employs a set of kerel threads to hadle iterrupts A iterrupt thread has its ow idetifier, priority, cotext, ad stack The kerel cotrols access to data structures ad sychroizes amog iterrupt threads usig mutual exclusio primitives Iterrupt threads are assiged higher priorities tha all other types of kerel threads

39 Liux Tasks A process, or task, i Liux is represeted by a task_struct data structure This structure cotais iformatio i a umber of categories

40 Stopped sigal sigal creatio Ready Ruig State schedulig Executig termiatio Zombie sigal or evet evet Uiterruptible Iterruptible Figure 4.15 Liux Process/Thread Model

41 Liux Threads Liux does ot recogize a distictio betwee threads ad processes A ew process is created by copyig the attributes of the curret process The cloe() call creates separate stack spaces for each process User-level threads are mapped ito kerellevel processes The ew process ca be cloed so that it shares resources

42 Liux Namespaces A amespace eables a process to have a differet view of the system tha other processes that have other associated amespaces There are curretly six amespaces i Liux mt pid et ipc uts user

43 Summary Processes ad threads Multithreadig Thread fuctioality Types of threads User level ad kerel level threads Solaris thread ad SMP maagemet Multithreaded architecture Motivatio Process structure Thread executio Iterrupts as threads Multicore ad multithreadig Performace of Software o Multicore Liux process ad thread maagemet Tasks/threads/amespaces Widows process ad thread maagemet Maagemet of backgroud tasks ad applicatio lifecycles Widows process Process ad thread objects Multithreadig Thread states Support for OS subsystems Adroid process ad thread maagemet Adroid applicatios Activities Processes ad threads Mac OS X grad cetral dispatch

2017 Pearson Educa2on, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

2017 Pearson Educa2on, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles Chapter 4 Threads Ninth Edition By William Stallings Processes and Threads Resource Ownership Process includes a virtual address space to hold the process

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