Contents. Volume 1 Base Definitions, Issue

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1 Volume 1 Base Definitions, Issue Chapter 1 Introduction Scope Conformance Normative References Change History Terminology Definitions and Concepts Portability Codes Margin Code Notation Chapter 2 Conformance Implementation Conformance Requirements Documentation POSIX Conformance XSI Conformance Option Groups Options Application Conformance Strictly Conforming POSIX Application Conforming POSIX Application Conforming POSIX Application Using Extensions Strictly Conforming XSI Application Conforming XSI Application Using Extensions Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language Other Language-Related Specifications Chapter 3 Definitions Abortive Release Absolute Pathname Access Mode Additional File Access Control Mechanism Address Space Advisory Information Affirmative Response Alert Alert Character (<alert>) Alias Name Alignment Alternate File Access Control Mechanism Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xvii

2 3.13 Alternate Signal Stack Ancillary Data Angle Brackets Apostrophe Character (<apostrophe>) Application Application Address Application Program Interface (API) Appropriate Privileges Argument Arm (a Timer) Asterisk Character (<asterisk>) Async-Cancel-Safe Function Asynchronous Events Asynchronous Input and Output Async-Signal-Safe Function Asynchronously-Generated Signal Asynchronous I/O Completion Asynchronous I/O Operation Authentication Authorization Background Job Background Process Background Process Group (or Background Job) Backquote Character Backslash Character (<backslash>) Backspace Character (<backspace>) Barrier Basename Basic Regular Expression (BRE) Batch Access List Batch Administrator Batch Client Batch Destination Batch Destination Identifier Batch Directive Batch Job Batch Job Attribute Batch Job Identifier Batch Job Name Batch Job Owner Batch Job Priority Batch Job State Batch Name Service Batch Name Space Batch Node Batch Operator Batch Queue Batch Queue Attribute Batch Queue Position Batch Queue Priority Batch Rerunability Batch Restart xviii Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

3 3.65 Batch Server Batch Server Name Batch Service Batch Service Request Batch Submission Batch System Batch Target User Batch User Bind Blank Character (<blank>) Blank Line Blocked Process (or Thread) Blocking Block-Mode Terminal Block Special File Braces Brackets Broadcast Built-In Utility (or Built-In) Byte Byte Input/Output Functions Carriage-Return Character (<carriage-return>) Character Character Array Character Class Character Set Character Special File Character String Child Process Circumflex Character (<circumflex>) Clock Clock Jump Clock Tick Coded Character Set Codeset Collating Element Collation Collation Sequence Column Position Command Command Language Interpreter Composite Graphic Symbol Condition Variable Connected Socket Connection Connection Mode Connectionless Mode Control Character Control Operator Controlling Process Controlling Terminal Conversion Descriptor Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xix

4 3.117 Core File CPU Time (Execution Time) CPU-Time Clock CPU-Time Timer Current Job Current Working Directory Cursor Position Datagram Data Segment Deferred Batch Service Device Device ID Directory Directory Entry (or Link) Directory Stream Disarm (a Timer) Display Display Line Dollar-Sign Character (<dollar-sign>) Dot Dot-Dot Double-Quote Character Downshifting Driver Effective Group ID Effective User ID Eight-Bit Transparency Empty Directory Empty Line Empty String (or Null String) Empty Wide-Character String Encoding Rule Entire Regular Expression Epoch Equivalence Class Era Event Management Executable File Execute Execution Time Execution Time Monitoring Expand Extended Regular Expression (ERE) Extended Security Controls Feature Test Macro Field FIFO Special File (or FIFO) File File Description File Descriptor File Group Class File Mode xx Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

5 3.169 File Mode Bits Filename File Offset File Other Class File Owner Class File Permission Bits File Serial Number File System File Type Filter First Open (of a File) Flow Control Foreground Job Foreground Process Foreground Process Group (or Foreground Job) Foreground Process Group ID Form-Feed Character (<form-feed>) Graphic Character Group Database Group ID Group Name Hard Limit Hard Link Home Directory Host Byte Order Incomplete Line Inf Instrumented Application Interactive Shell Internationalization Interprocess Communication Invoke Job Job Control Job Control Job ID Last Close (of a File) Line Linger Link Link Count Local Customs Local Interprocess Communication (Local IPC) Locale Localization Login Login Name Map Marked Message Matched Memory Mapped Files Memory Object Memory-Resident Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxi

6 3.221 Message Message Catalog Message Catalog Descriptor Message Queue Mode Monotonic Clock Mount Point Multi-Character Collating Element Mutex Name Named STREAM NaN (Not a Number) Native Language Negative Response Network Network Address Network Byte Order Newline Character (<newline>) Nice Value Non-Blocking Non-Spacing Characters NUL Null Byte Null Pointer Null String Null Wide-Character Code Number-Sign Character (<number-sign>) Object File Octet Offset Maximum Opaque Address Open File Open File Description Operand Operator Option Option-Argument Orientation Orphaned Process Group Page Page Size Parameter Parent Directory Parent Process Parent Process ID Pathname Pathname Component Path Prefix Pattern Period Character (<period>) Permissions Persistence xxii Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

7 3.273 Pipe Polling Portable Character Set Portable Filename Character Set Positional Parameter Preallocation Preempted Process (or Thread) Previous Job Printable Character Printable File Priority Priority Band Priority Inversion Priority Scheduling Priority-Based Scheduling Privilege Process Process Group Process Group ID Process Group Leader Process Group Lifetime Process ID Process Lifetime Process Memory Locking Process Termination Process-To-Process Communication Process Virtual Time Program Protocol Pseudo-Terminal Radix Character Read-Only File System Read-Write Lock Real Group ID Real Time Realtime Signal Extension Real User ID Record Redirection Redirection Operator Referenced Shared Memory Object Refresh Regular Expression Region Regular File Relative Pathname Relocatable File Relocation Requested Batch Service (Time) Resolution Robust Mutex Root Directory Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxiii

8 3.325 Runnable Process (or Thread) Running Process (or Thread) Saved Resource Limits Saved Set-Group-ID Saved Set-User-ID Scheduling Scheduling Allocation Domain Scheduling Contention Scope Scheduling Policy Screen Scroll Semaphore Session Session Leader Session Lifetime Shared Memory Object Shell Shell, the Shell Script Signal Signal Stack Single-Quote Character Slash Character (<slash>) Socket Socket Address Soft Limit Source Code Space Character (<space>) Spawn Special Built-In Special Parameter Spin Lock Sporadic Server Standard Error Standard Input Standard Output Standard Utilities Stream STREAM STREAM End STREAM Head STREAMS Multiplexor String Subshell Successfully Transferred Supplementary Group ID Suspended Job Symbolic Constant Symbolic Link Synchronized Input and Output Synchronized I/O Completion Synchronized I/O Data Integrity Completion xxiv Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

9 3.377 Synchronized I/O File Integrity Completion Synchronized I/O Operation Synchronous I/O Operation Synchronously-Generated Signal System System Boot System Clock System Console System Crash System Databases System Documentation System Process System Reboot System Trace Event System-Wide Tab Character (<tab>) Terminal (or Terminal Device) Text Column Text File Thread Thread ID Thread List Thread-Safe Thread-Specific Data Key Tilde Character (<tilde>) Timeouts Timer Timer Overrun Token Trace Analyzer Process Trace Controller Process Trace Event Trace Event Type Trace Event Type Mapping Trace Filter Trace Generation Version Trace Log Trace Point Trace Stream Trace Stream Identifier Trace System Traced Process Tracing Status of a Trace Stream Typed Memory Name Space Typed Memory Object Typed Memory Pool Typed Memory Port Unbind Unit Data Upshifting User Database User ID Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxv

10 3.429 User Name User Trace Event Utility Variable Vertical-Tab Character (<vertical-tab>) White Space Wide-Character Code (C Language) Wide-Character Input/Output Functions Wide-Character String Word Working Directory (or Current Working Directory) Worldwide Portability Interface Write XSI XSI-Conformant Zombie Process ± Chapter 4 General Concepts Concurrent Execution Directory Protection Extended Security Controls File Access Permissions File Hierarchy Filenames Filename Portability File Times Update Host and Network Byte Orders Measurement of Execution Time Memory Synchronization Pathname Resolution Process ID Reuse Scheduling Policy Seconds Since the Epoch Semaphore Thread-Safety Tracing Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions Domain Error Pole Error Range Error Treatment of NaN Arguments for the Mathematical Functions Utility Variable Assignment Chapter 5 File Format Notation Chapter 6 Character Set Portable Character Set Character Encoding xxvi Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

11 6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes Character Set Description File State-Dependent Character Encodings Chapter 7 Locale General POSIX Locale Locale Definition LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_MESSAGES Locale Definition Grammar Locale Lexical Conventions Locale Grammar Chapter 8 Environment Variables Environment Variable Definition Internationalization Variables Other Environment Variables Chapter 9 Regular Expressions Regular Expression Definitions Regular Expression General Requirements Basic Regular Expressions BREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element BRE Ordinary Characters BRE Special Characters Periods in BREs RE Bracket Expression BREs Matching Multiple Characters BRE Precedence BRE Expression Anchoring Extended Regular Expressions EREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element ERE Ordinary Characters ERE Special Characters Periods in EREs ERE Bracket Expression EREs Matching Multiple Characters ERE Alternation ERE Precedence ERE Expression Anchoring Regular Expression Grammar BRE/ERE Grammar Lexical Conventions RE and Bracket Expression Grammar ERE Grammar Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxvii

12 Chapter 10 Directory Structure and Devices Directory Structure and Files Output Devices and Terminal Types Chapter 11 General Terminal Interface Interface Characteristics Opening aterminal Device File Process Groups The Controlling Terminal Terminal Access Control Input Processing and Reading Data Canonical Mode Input Processing Non-Canonical Mode Input Processing Writing Data and Output Processing Special Characters Modem Disconnect Closing a Terminal Device File Parameters that Can be Set The termios Structure Input Modes Output Modes Control Modes Local Modes Special Control Characters Chapter 12 Utility Conventions Utility Argument Syntax Utility Syntax Guidelines Chapter 13 Headers Volume 2 System Interfaces, Issue Chapter 1 Introduction Relationship to Other Formal Standards Format of Entries Chapter 2 General Information Use and Implementation of Interfaces Use and Implementation of Functions Use and Implementation of Macros The Compilation Environment POSIX.1 Symbols The Name Space Error Numbers Additional Error Numbers Signal Concepts Signal Generation and Delivery Realtime Signal Generation and Delivery Signal Actions Signal Effects on Other Functions xxviii Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

13 2.5 Standard I/O Streams Interaction of File Descriptors and Standard I/O Streams Stream Orientation and Encoding Rules STREAMS Accessing STREAMS XSI Interprocess Communication IPC General Description Realtime Realtime Signals Asynchronous I/O Memory Management Process Scheduling Clocks and Timers Threads Thread-Safety Thread IDs Thread Mutexes Thread Scheduling Thread Cancellation Thread Read-Write Locks Thread Interactions with Regular File Operations Use of Application-Managed Thread Stacks Sockets Address Families Addressing Protocols Routing Interfaces Socket Types Socket I/O Mode Socket Owner Socket Queue Limits Pending Error Socket Receive Queue Socket Out-of-Band Data State Connection Indication Queue Signals Asynchronous Errors Use of Options Use of Sockets for Local UNIX Connections Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv Tracing Tracing Data Definitions Trace Event Type Definitions Trace Functions Data Types Defined Types Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxix

14 The char Type Pointer Types Chapter 3 System Interfaces Volume 3 Shell and Utilities, Issue Chapter 1 Introduction Relationship to Other Documents System Interfaces Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard Utility Limits Grammar Conventions Utility Description Defaults Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size Built-In Utilities Chapter 2 Shell Command Language Shell Introduction Quoting Escape Character (Backslash) Single-Quotes Double-Quotes Token Recognition Alias Substitution Reserved Words Parameters and Variables Positional Parameters Special Parameters Shell Variables Word Expansions Tilde Expansion Parameter Expansion Command Substitution Arithmetic Expansion Field Splitting Pathname Expansion Quote Removal Redirection Redirecting Input Redirecting Output Appending Redirected Output Here-Document Duplicating an Input File Descriptor Duplicating an Output File Descriptor Open File Descriptors for Reading and Writing Exit Status and Errors Consequences of Shell Errors Exit Status for Commands Shell Commands xxx Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

15 2.9.1 Simple Commands Pipelines Lists Compound Commands Function Definition Command Shell Grammar Shell Grammar Lexical Conventions Shell Grammar Rules Signals and Error Handling Shell Execution Environment Pattern Matching Notation Patterns Matching a Single Character Patterns Matching Multiple Characters Patterns Used for Filename Expansion Special Built-In Utilities Chapter 3 Batch Environment Services General Concepts Batch Client-Server Interaction Batch Queues Batch Job Creation Batch Job Tracking Batch Job Routing Batch Job Execution Batch Job Exit Batch Job Abort Batch Authorization Batch Administration Batch Notification Batch Services Batch Job States Deferred Batch Services Requested Batch Services Common Behavior for Batch Environment Utilities Batch Job Identifier Destination Multiple Keyword-Value Pairs Chapter 4 Utilities Volume 4 Rationale (Informative), Issue Part A Base Definitions Appendix A Rationale for Base Definitions A.1 Introduction A.1.1 Scope A.1.2 Conformance A.1.3 Normative References A.1.4 Change History A.1.5 Terminology Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxxi

16 A.1.6 Definitions and Concepts A.1.7 Portability A.2 Conformance A.2.1 Implementation Conformance A.2.2 Application Conformance A.2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language A.2.4 Other Language-Related Specifications A.3 Definitions A.4 General Concepts A.4.1 Concurrent Execution A.4.2 Directory Protection A.4.3 Extended Security Controls A.4.4 File Access Permissions A.4.5 File Hierarchy A.4.6 Filenames A.4.7 Filename Portability A.4.8 File Times Update A.4.9 Host and Network Byte Order A.4.10 Measurement of Execution Time A.4.11 Memory Synchronization A.4.12 Pathname Resolution A.4.13 Process ID Reuse A.4.14 Scheduling Policy A.4.15 Seconds Since the Epoch A.4.16 Semaphore A.4.17 Thread-Safety A.4.18 Tracing A.4.19 A.4.20 Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions Treatment of NaN Arguments for Mathematical Functions A.4.21 Utility A.4.22 Variable Assignment A.5 File Format Notation A.6 Character Set A.6.1 Portable Character Set A.6.2 Character Encoding A.6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes A.6.4 Character Set Description File A.7 Locale A.7.1 General A.7.2 POSIX Locale A.7.3 Locale Definition A.7.4 Locale Definition Grammar A.7.5 Locale Definition Example A.8 Environment Variables A.8.1 Environment Variable Definition A.8.2 Internationalization Variables A.8.3 Other Environment Variables A.9 Regular Expressions A.9.1 Regular Expression Definitions xxxii Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

17 A.9.2 Regular Expression General Requirements A.9.3 Basic Regular Expressions A.9.4 Extended Regular Expressions A.9.5 Regular Expression Grammar A.10 Directory Structure and Devices A.10.1 Directory Structure and Files A.10.2 Output Devices and Terminal Types A.11 General Terminal Interface A.11.1 Interface Characteristics A.11.2 Parameters that Can be Set A.12 Utility Conventions A.12.1 Utility Argument Syntax A.12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines A.13 Headers A.13.1 Format of Entries A.13.2 Removed Headers in Issue Part B System Interfaces Appendix B Rationale for System Interfaces B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Change History B.1.2 Relationship to Other Formal Standards B.1.3 Format of Entries B.2 General Information B.2.1 Use and Implementation of Interfaces B.2.2 The Compilation Environment B.2.3 Error Numbers B.2.4 Signal Concepts B.2.5 Standard I/O Streams B.2.6 STREAMS B.2.7 XSI Interprocess Communication B.2.8 Realtime B.2.9 Threads B.2.10 Sockets B.2.11 Tracing B.2.12 Data Types B.3 System Interfaces B.3.1 System Interfaces Removed in this Version B.3.2 System Interfaces Removed in the Previous Version B.3.3 Examples for Spawn Part C Shell and Utilities Appendix C Rationale for Shell and Utilities C.1 Introduction C.1.1 Change History C.1.2 Relationship to Other Documents C.1.3 Utility Limits C.1.4 Grammar Conventions C.1.5 Utility Description Defaults Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxxiii

18 C.1.6 Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size C.1.7 Built-In Utilities C.2 Shell Command Language C.2.1 Shell Introduction C.2.2 Quoting C.2.3 Token Recognition C.2.4 Reserved Words C.2.5 Parameters and Variables C.2.6 Word Expansions C.2.7 Redirection C.2.8 Exit Status and Errors C.2.9 Shell Commands C.2.10 Shell Grammar C.2.11 Signals and Error Handling C.2.12 Shell Execution Environment C.2.13 Pattern Matching Notation C.2.14 Special Built-In Utilities C.3 Batch Environment Services and Utilities C.3.1 Batch General Concepts C.3.2 Batch Services C.3.3 Common Behavior for Batch Environment Utilities C.4 Utilities C.4.1 Utilities Removed in this Version C.4.2 Utilities Removed in the Previous Version C.4.3 Exclusion of Utilities Part D Portability Considerations Appendix D Portability Considerations (Informative) D.1 User Requirements D.1.1 Configuration Interrogation D.1.2 Process Management D.1.3 Access to Data D.1.4 Access to the Environment D.1.5 Access to Determinism and Performance Enhancements D.1.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.1.7 I/O Interaction D.1.8 Internationalization Interaction D.1.9 C-Language Extensions D.1.10 Command Language D.1.11 Interactive Facilities D.1.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously D.1.13 Complex Data Manipulation D.1.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.1.15 Locale Configuration D.1.16 Inter-User Communication D.1.17 System Environment D.1.18 Printing D.1.19 Software Development xxxiv Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7

19 D.2 Portability Capabilities D.2.1 Configuration Interrogation D.2.2 Process Management D.2.3 Access to Data D.2.4 Access to the Environment D.2.5 Bounded (Realtime) Response D.2.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.2.7 I/O Interaction D.2.8 Internationalization Interaction D.2.9 C-Language Extensions D.2.10 Command Language D.2.11 Interactive Facilities D.2.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously D.2.13 Complex Data Manipulation D.2.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.2.15 Locale Configuration D.2.16 Inter-User Communication D.2.17 System Environment D.2.18 Printing D.2.19 Software Development D.2.20 Future Growth D.3 Profiling Considerations D.3.1 Configuration Options D.3.2 Configuration Options (Shell and Utilities) D.3.3 Configurable Limits D.3.4 Configuration Options (System Interfaces) D.3.5 Configurable Limits D.3.6 Optional Behavior Part E Subprofiling Considerations Appendix E Subprofiling Considerations (Informative) E.1 Subprofiling Option Groups List of Figures List of Tables Index B-1 Example of a System with Typed Memory B-2 Trace System Overview: for Offline Analysis B-3 Trace System Overview: for Online Analysis B-4 Trace System Overview: States of a Trace Stream B-5 Trace Another Process B-6 Trace Name Space Overview: With Third-Party Library Job Control Job ID Formats Escape Sequences and Associated Actions Portable Character Set Control Character Set Base Specifications, Issue 7 Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. xxxv

20 7-1 Valid Character Class Combinations Control Character Names Value of Level for Socket Options Socket-Level Options Trace Option: System Trace Events Trace and Trace Event Filter Options: System Trace Events Trace and Trace Log Options: System Trace Events Trace, Trace Log, and Trace Event Filter Options: System Trace Events Trace Option: User Trace Event Actions when Creating a File that Already Exists Selected ISO C Standard Operators and Control Flow Keywords Utility Limit Minimum Values Symbolic Utility Limits Regular Built-In Utilities Batch Utilities Environment Variable Summary Next State Table Results/Output Table Batch Services Summary A-1 Historical Practice for Symbolic Links xxxvi Copyright , IEEE and The Open Group. All rights reserved. Base Specifications, Issue 7