Embedded Controller Programming 1
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1 Embedded Controller Programming 1 Week 1: Introduction and Getting Started Instructor - Ken Arnold ecp1@hte.com Copyright Ken Arnold 1 These are the course notes to accompany the UCSD Extension class: Embedded Controller Programming I: Assembly Language Programming FIRST send listing any addresses you would like to have class notices sent to: ecp1@hte.com NEXT send an message to subscribe to the class discussion group by sending a message to: ucsdecp-request@luisa.hte.com with subject = subscribe The class will consist of updates between meetings, Q&A, important notices, and interaction with the instructor and other students between classes. Course web site: programs/other files on the ftp site: ftp://ftp.hte.com/uconline/ecp Ken Arnold ecp1@hte.com phone or (office) phone (mobile) fax HiTech Garden Road, Suite 2A Poway, CA Copyright Ken Arnold 1
2 Welcome to class! ECP 1 and 2 Course Overview Instructor & Student Introductions Processor Architecture Basic Instruction Set Introduction to the SDK Homework #1 Copyright Ken Arnold 2 Overview - ECP 1 uc Architecture and Programming Assembly Language Programming 8051 Memory Model and Memory Usage 8051 Instruction Set 8051 Hardware Features Other Topics Copyright Ken Arnold 3 Copyright Ken Arnold 1
3 Overview - ECP 2 Focus on Applications Learning to use C for uc Programming Adapting C to the uc environment Focusing on Modular Programming Handling Basic Peripherals Displays Switches/Keypads Motors/Controls Student Projects! Copyright Ken Arnold 4 Administrative Stuff Fill Out Student Forms Please! Send to ecp1@hte.com Course Format, Policy Lecture, Demo, Homework, Project Class Web Page: Grading 4 HomeworkProblems - Due Week after Assigned! Programming Project, Comprehensive Final Exam Be Here So We Can Start (and Finish) On Time! Copyright Ken Arnold 5 Copyright Ken Arnold 2
4 Course Objectives Microcontroller vs. Desktop PC Familiarity with Hardware Familiarity with Tools Hands-on Exposure Required Low Level Programming, Interfacing Microcontroller Applications Polite, Invisible computing! Copyright Ken Arnold 6 Course Format In-class: Lecture and demonstrations 3 hours * 6 meetings Please Ask Questions!! Outside of Class: Software Development Kit (SDK), Development Setup: SDK, Prototyping, and Test Equipment Copyright Ken Arnold 7 Copyright Ken Arnold 3
5 Resources Software Tools Assembler Hardware SDK, Prototyping Board, Components Support Web Sites General Information Copyright Ken Arnold 8 The Toaster Fable The King Wants a New Toaster The Pragmatic Solution The Politically Correct Solution The King Resolves the Conflict Moral: CS emphasizes most general solution EE emphasizes minimizing complexity Copyright Ken Arnold 9 Copyright Ken Arnold 4
6 Instructor Father of 5, age 6 to 24 Preemptive Multi-tasking, Dynamic Priorities! Wireless Innovation Product Development and Manufacturing UCSD Extended Studies Embedded Certificate Programs Copyright Ken Arnold 10 Student Introduction Your Name and Background What Do You Do? (i.e. - EE at XYZ Corp., etc..) What Do You Want to Get out of This Class? Copyright Ken Arnold 11 Copyright Ken Arnold 5
7 What Is a Microcontroller? What Are They? How Are They Used? Basic Features Sizes Families uc s vs up s, DSP s, PLD s Copyright Ken Arnold 12 µ Controller vs. µprocessor µc Chip Includes: Central Processor Program Memory Data Memory I/O Highly Integrated Low Cost Specialized Architectures µp Chip Includes: Central Processor Separate Chips for: Central Processor Program Memory Data Memory I/O Highest Performance Highest Cost! Copyright Ken Arnold 13 Copyright Ken Arnold 6
8 Von Neumann Architecture Single Memory for: Programs Data Familiar Most Flexible Used in PCs Speed Bottleneck: Memory Interface Copyright Ken Arnold 14 Harvard Architecture Separate Memory for: Programs Data Advantages: Faster Overlap Transfers Instruction Fetch Data Transfer Can t execute Data! Copyright Ken Arnold 15 Copyright Ken Arnold 7
9 Bus Oriented Microcomputer Copyright Ken Arnold 16 One Chip Microcontrollers Advantages: Fewer chips required Lower cost and smaller Lower power Fewer connections More user I/O pins Reliability is higher K.I.S.S.! Disadvantages: Reduced flexibility Expansion is limited Limited performance Limited I/O Design compromised to fit everything on one chip Copyright Ken Arnold 17 Copyright Ken Arnold 8
10 Hierarchy of Computer Design Copyright Ken Arnold 18 Getting Specific... In order to get into details, we must look into a specific processor architecture. What criteria were used to decide which architecture to use for this course? A real device, in common use Availability from multiple manufacturers Free and very low cost development tools available for student use Copyright Ken Arnold 19 Copyright Ken Arnold 9
11 The 8051 Microcontroller The most widely used microcontroller Multiple sources, hundreds of variants Free software development tools Assembler Simulator C Compilers Low cost hardware components and tools Copyright Ken Arnold 20 The 8051 Family Originally Designed by Intel Introduced in 1980 PCs Shipped in the Millions per Year Billions of 8051s shipped in one year 1B Sold just by one of the many manufacturers New Variants Come out All the Time Other Microcontrollers Ship in Billions/Year Copyright Ken Arnold 21 Copyright Ken Arnold 10
12 Partial List of 8051 Vendors Intel The Original 8051 The Family Philips 8051 Family Variants The 8051XA Family Atmel 20 Pin 89Cxx51 Family 8051 Family Variants Dallas Semiconductor High Speed Versions Non Volatile SRAM Analog Devices, Cygnal Temic, ISSI, Matra, OKI, Siemens, SMC, SSI -and Many Others Too!!! IP Cores for ASICs Synopsis Mentor Copyright Ken Arnold 22 Embedded Memory Semiconductor Storage Implications of Storage Technology Matching Technology to Application Read-Write, Read-Only, Read-Mostly Non-ideal Memory Characteristics Asymmetrical Read, Write Copyright Ken Arnold 23 Copyright Ken Arnold 11
13 Memory Volatility Volatile: Loses contents when power is removed Used for temporary storage of changing values: Variables Stacks Non-Volatile: Retains contents after power loss Used for permanent storage of: Programs Constants Look-up Tables Copyright Ken Arnold Memory Architecture Separate Memory Address Spaces for: Programs - Non-volatile Internal ROM External EPROM Data - Volatile External SRAM Internal RAM General Purpose Registers Bit Addressable Registers Special Function Registers Copyright Ken Arnold 25 Copyright Ken Arnold 12
14 Simple 8051 Block Diagram Copyright Ken Arnold uc Chip Block Diagram Copyright Ken Arnold 27 Copyright Ken Arnold 13
15 8051 Instruction Set Instructions: Data Transfer Arithmetic Logical Control Address Modes Immediate Direct Indirect Examples: MOV A,90h ADD A,#30h ANL A,#0FEh CALL subroutine Examples: MOV A,#30h MOV A,30h MOV Copyright Ken Arnold 28 8xC52 Program Memory On-chip Code Memory Non-volatile Different types: 80C52 = Mask ROM 87C52 = EPROM 89C52 = Flash EPROM External Code Memory Design Dependent SDK has EPROM & SRAM Copyright Ken Arnold 29 Copyright Ken Arnold 14
16 Program Memory Usage Processor execution Begins at location 0000h (The Reset Vector ) Continues with next instruction 8x52 has 8K bytes of Internal Code Memory on-chip 8x32 has NO code space on chip When Processor fetches external instructions, /PSEN pulses low Copyright Ken Arnold 30 SDK Program Memory Map ROM: FFFh Monitor Program RAM: User Program/XData 4000-BDFFh User Programs and Data Monitor Data Reserved: BE00-BFFFh DO NOT Modify! Temporary Storage Copyright Ken Arnold 31 Copyright Ken Arnold 15
17 Data Memory External SRAM External chip Typically SRAM Internal RAM General Purpose Registers Bit Addressable Registers Special Function Registers Copyright Ken Arnold 32 Data Memory Addresses External Data 0000-FFFFh Internal Data 00-FFh General Purpose 00-7Fh G.P. Register Banks Bit Addressable General Purpose Scratch Pad Indirect Access 80-FFh Use SFRs Direct 80-FFh Overlapped addresses Direct address MOV 00-FFh Special Internal Registers Copyright Ken Arnold 33 Copyright Ken Arnold 16
18 Internal Data Memory Registers R registers per bank 4 Banks available Bit Addressable General Purpose Special Function Registers (SFRs) Accumulator, I/O Timers, misc. registers Copyright Ken Arnold 34 Bit Addressable Memory Internal Data Memory Byte Addresses 20-2Fh Bit Addresses 00-7Fh Allows individual bit operations: MOV bits to/from Carry SETB sets a bit to 1 CLR clears a bit to 0 JB conditional jump Copyright Ken Arnold 35 Copyright Ken Arnold 17
19 8051 Instruction Set Instructions: Data Transfer Arithmetic Logical Control Address Modes Immediate Direct Indirect Examples: MOV A,90h ADD A,#30h ANL A,#0FEh CALL subroutine Examples: MOV A,#30h MOV A,30h MOV Copyright Ken Arnold 36 Simple 8051 Block Diagram Copyright Ken Arnold 37 Copyright Ken Arnold 18
20 Development Tools Software Hardware Translators In-Circuit Emulators Assemblers Substitutes for CPU chip Compilers Allows seeing inside uc Linkers Logic Analyzer Debug Monitor View Timing and Bus Cycles SDK Monitor ROM Logic Probe Performance Analyzers Oscilloscope Find Execution Lights and Beepers Bottlenecks Copyright Ken Arnold 38 Hardware Handling Issues Precautions Regarding: Take Precautions against ESD Avoid Touching Contacts: Metal Oxidation Power = heat and smoke But Don t Be Afraid!! SDKs are easy to fix and connect to probes Sockets for all ICs, and are easily replaced Unlike surface mounted components! Copyright Ken Arnold 39 Copyright Ken Arnold 19
21 Introduction to the SDK Software Development Kit Connections Power, Serial Port, ICE Cable Documentation available at: ftp://ftp.hte.com/uconline/ecp/sdkstuff/ SDK Users manual: sdk31man.pdf SDK Schematic: sdk31sch.pdf PC Setup, Software Setup Common Problems Copyright Ken Arnold 40 PC Software for SDK Hyperterminal, MTTTY, or Procomm Terminal Emulator to connect to SDK Command line monitor ROM on SDK asm Cross assembler translates Input, 8051 source: *.asm Output, Intel Hex object format: *.hex and listing file: *.lst Copyright Ken Arnold 41 Copyright Ken Arnold 20
22 SDK Introduction Demonstrate System Setup Introduce SDK Operation Code Development Cycle Download and Test Copyright Ken Arnold 42 SDK - Top View Copyright Ken Arnold 43 Copyright Ken Arnold 21
23 Demonstration of SDK Connecting the SDK Editing Hello World program Assembling program Downloading Hex file to SDK Running the modified SDK program Copyright Ken Arnold 44 SDK Power Connection Copyright Ken Arnold 45 Copyright Ken Arnold 22
24 SDK Serial Connector Copyright Ken Arnold 46 SDK Serial Cable Red Stripe Copyright Ken Arnold 47 Copyright Ken Arnold 23
25 Summary Introduction Microcontroller Architecture Memory Instruction Set Intro Development Tools SDK Intro Copyright Ken Arnold 48 Homework Assignment Setup SDK and Software Modify Hello World Program Change output string to Hello <your name> Optional: Try other changes... Increment Port 1 Outputs Blink an LED! Echo characters Play!!! Copyright Ken Arnold 49 Copyright Ken Arnold 24
26 References SDK User s Manual Arnold, Embedded Controller Hardware Design Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller Cook, "A First Course in Digital Electronics" Foster, Real Time Programming Gonick, The Cartoon Guide to Physics Horowitz & Hill, The Art of Electronics Wakerly, Digital Design Schultz, C and the 8051 vol I and II Copyright Ken Arnold 50 Copyright Ken Arnold 25
Embedded Controller Programming 2
Embedded Controller Programming 2 Section 1: Introduction and Getting Started - Ken Arnold ecp2@hte.com Copyright 2006 Ken Arnold Welcome! ECP II Course Overview Instructor & Student Introductions Review
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