4. Concurrency via Threads
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1 CSC400 - Operating Systems 4. Concurrency via Threads J. Sumey Overview Multithreading Concept Background Implementations Thread States & Thread Switching Thread Operations Case Study: pthreads CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 2 CSC400 Operating Systems 1
2 Multithreading an application that employs threading to perform concurrent processing within a single process is known as being multithreaded ex: concurrency in MS Word 1. user interaction clicks, keystrokes 2. file handling load/save, printing 3. spell checking CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 3 Concept a thread is to a process as a process is to the OS is also a unit of execution; but a "path of execution" within a larger, full process lightweight process (LWP) vs. HWP may be managed by the OS or the process has separate CPU state but shares many resources of it's process address space (code & global vars), files, etc. CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 4 CSC400 Operating Systems 2
3 Process vs. Thread State Per process items: process ID address space open files child processes pending alarms signals & signal handlers accounting info per thread items: thread ID program counter other CPU registers stack run state CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 5 Motivation for Threads OS benefits from concurrency, why shouldn't apps? performance can perform multiple subtasks in parallel application design separation of independent code functions into individual threads cooperation process data can be shared among threads more efficiently via shared address space instead of IPC CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 6 CSC400 Operating Systems 3
4 Background OS support for threads was developed in response to creation of concurrent languages i.e., a language that includes concurrency primitives ex: Ada, Java, C#, VC.NET, VB.NET, Python existing languages (single-threaded) are now supported by library extensions CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 7 Thread Implementations Win32 threads: MS Windows C-threads: MacOS, Solaris Pthreads (POSIX standard) Linux-threads: initial attempt at thread support on Linux, superseded by the Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL) CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 8 CSC400 Operating Systems 4
5 Implementation Strategies user-level threading (ULT) all thread mgmt done in application via library support kernel not aware less overhead kernel-level threading (KLT) thread mgmt. done by kernel less burden on application increased execution overhead CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 9 Thread States in addition to the standard process states (run, ready, blocked), threads have some additional states waiting for an event from another thread sleeping when a thread has nothing to do for a period of time ex: "autosave" in a word processor dead when thread completes its task CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 10 CSC400 Operating Systems 5
6 Thread Switching thus, thread state diagram threading requires each process table entry (PCB) to also include a thread table of TCBs as well note: context switching for threads is much faster than for processes! why? CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 11 Thread Operations similar to process ops create exit/terminate suspend resume sleep wake CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 12 CSC400 Operating Systems 6
7 Case Study: POSIX Threads a.k.a. "pthreads"; standard developed by IEEE, based on Unix V POSIX = Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments specifies content of task state, global resource info, signal model, etc. provides required common thread ops plus additional functions for advanced ops synchronization, scheduling policies, etc. CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 13 pthread Routines pthread_create() creates a thread pthread_self() get this thread's ID pthread_exit() terminates this thread pthread_cancel() cancels execution of another thread pthread_kill() send signal to target thread pthread_join() suspends calling thread until other specified thread exits pthread_attr_setschedpolicy() allow choice of thread scheduling algorithm & priority and about 80 other thread-support functions CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 14 CSC400 Operating Systems 7
8 pthread Apps in C a POSIX-compliant multithreaded C program must: 1. invoke the standard pthread header #include <pthread.h> 2. link against the POSIX thread library cc app.c lpthread CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 15 pthread Examples threadhello.c POSIX threaded version of Hello World threaddemo.c demonstration of 5 POSIX threads sharing common a global data array CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 16 CSC400 Operating Systems 8
9 References an excellent pthreads tutorial CSC400 - Concurrency via Threads 17 CSC400 Operating Systems 9
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