An Operating System History of Operating Systems. Operating Systems. Autumn CS4023

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1 Operating Systems Autumn

2 Outline 1 2

3 What is an Operating System? From the user s point of view an OS is: A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

4 Four Levels of a Computer System User 1 Process 2 User n 1 Process n System and User Applications Operating System Computer Hardware

5 Four Levels of a Computer System User 1 Process 2 User n 1 Process n System and User Applications Operating System Computer Hardware System and User Applications: Application programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users: word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, games

6 Four Levels of a Computer System User 1 Process 2 User n 1 Process n System and User Applications Operating System Computer Hardware Operating System: Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users

7 Four Levels of a Computer System User 1 Process 2 User n 1 Process n System and User Applications Operating System Computer Hardware Computer Hardware: Provides basic computing resources such as CPU, memory, I/O devices

8 Four Levels of a Computer System (contd.)

9 Technical Point of View OS is a resource allocator Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use OS is a control program Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

10 Another Point of View No universally accepted definition Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system is good approximation The one program running at all times on the computer is the kernel of the OS; everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an application program (e.g., a browser, or a paint program)

11 What an OS is not An operating system is different from the (graphical) interface through which we interact Although on Windows there tends to be just one graphical interface other OSs (e.g. Linux) have several different interfaces The interface may change but the OS remains the same

12 Outline 1 2

13 The 1940s and 1950s Operating systems evolved through several phases. 1940s: Early computers did not include operating systems 1950s: Executed one job at a time Single-stream batch-processing systems Included technologies to smooth job-to-job transitions Programs and data submitted consecutively on tape

14 The 1960s Batch-processing systems still in use Turnaround time (the time it takes to receive finished reports after submission of documents or files for processing ) was reduced to minutes or seconds Multiprogramming: Process multiple jobs at once; one job could use processor while other jobs used peripheral devices Timesharing: Advanced operating systems developed to service multiple interactive users Real-time systems: response within certain bounded time period In 1964 IBM announced System/360 family of mainframe computers

15 The 1960s (contd.) CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) was one of the first time-sharing operating systems; it was developed at MIT s Computation Center CTSS was first demonstrated in 1961, and was operated at MIT until 1973 CTSS used a modified IBM 7094 mainframe computer Louis Pouzin created a command called RUNCOM for CTSS, which executed a list of commands contained in a file (batch file) 1964: MIT, GE, Bell Labs started the MULTICS (Multiplexed Information & Computing Service) project MULTICS was a commercial OS based on CTSS Last working copy was shut down on 31 Oct 2000

16 The 1970s Primarily multimode timesharing systems: Supported batch processing, timesharing and real-time applications Personal computing only in incipient stages fostered by early developments in microprocessor technology (Xerox Alto) Mouse and Graphical user interfaces (GUI) developed by Xerox s PARC for the Xerox Alto computer Networking The US Department of Defense develops TCP/IP: Standard communications protocol Widely used in military and university settings Xerox s Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC) Ethernet Security problems: Growing volumes of information passed over vulnerable communications lines Encryption

17 The 1980s Decade of personal computers and workstations Computing distributed to sites at which it was needed IBM PC released in 1981 Personal computers proved relatively easy to learn and use Apple releases the Macintosh PC in 1984, GUI embedded in the operating system Richard Stallman launched the GNU (GNU s Not UNIX) project in 1983: Recreate and extend tools for AT&T s UNIX operating system He disagreed with concept of paying for permission to use software

18 The 1980s (contd.) Transferring information between computers via networks became more economical and practical Client/server computing model became widespread: Clients request various services Servers perform requested services Software engineering field continued to evolve Major thrust by the United States government aimed at tighter control of Department of Defense software projects Realizing code reusability Greater degree of abstraction in programming languages Multiple threads of instructions that could execute independently

19 The 1990s Hardware performance improves exponentially 1 : Inexpensive processing power and storage Execute large, complex programs on personal computers Economical machines for extensive database and processing jobs Mainframes rarely necessary Operating system support for networking tasks became standard Shift toward distributed computing rapidly accelerated: multiple independent computers performing common task 1 Moore s Law : number of transistors on a computer chip (a proxy for computing speed??) doubles every 18 months

20 The 1990s (contd.) Object technology became popular in many areas of computing: Many applications written in object-oriented programming languages (C++, Java) Object-oriented operating systems (OOOS): objects represent components of the operating system Concepts such as inheritance and interfaces: Exploited to create modular operating systems Easier to maintain and extend than systems built with previous techniques

21 The 1990s (contd.) Most commercial software sold as object code: The source code not included Enables vendors to hide proprietary information and programming techniques Free and open-source software became increasingly common in the 1990s: Allows individuals to examine and modify software Famous example: In 1991, a student in Finland, Linus Torvalds, released a rudimentary UNIX-like kernel using the GNU compilers and tools and invited contributions worldwide

22 The 1990s (contd.) Accessing OSs became increasingly user-friendly: GUI features pioneered by Xerox and Apple widely used and improved Plug-and-play capabilities built into operating systems: Enable users to add and remove hardware components dynamically No need to manually reconfigure operating system Microsoft Corporation became dominant: Windows operating systems (Windows 3.0 released in 1990) Employed many concepts used in early MacOS

23 Outline 1 2

24 Cloud Computing YouTube Video #1 YouTube Video #2

25 Outline 1 2

26 History : MULTICS (Bell Labs, General Electric, MIT): All things to all people Large, expensive and complex 1969: Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project A small team led by Ken Thompson began designing a more practical OS for the Bell Labs machines First name: UNICS a play on the multi aspect of MULTICS Spelling evolved to UNIX

27 History (contd.) Over the next few years UNIX was rewritten in Thompson s B language and then in Denis Ritchie s C language AT&T was not allowed to sell UNIX UNIX s source code was distributed to universities for a small fee A group at the University of California at Berkeley modified the UNIX source code to create the Berkeley SOFTWARE Distribution UNIX (BSD UNIX) Led by Bill Joy, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems

28 History (contd.) Sun Microsystems based their SunOS on BSD UNIX Later teamed up with AT&T to design Solaris, based on AT&T s System V Release 4 UNIX As an opposition to the AT&T and Sun Microsystems association, a group of developers formed the Open Source Foundation (OSF) to make their own version of UNIX called OSF/1

29 UNIX and Linux In 1987, Prof. Andrew Tanenbaum from the Vrije University in Amsterdam built Minix A stripped-down version of UNIX for teaching OS basics on a PC. Linus Torvalds, a Finish student, used Minix to begin writing the open-source Linux OS Today many companies incl. IBM, HP, and Intel all offer a Linux version as an operating system option for their servers Other UNIX clones include: OpenBSD, FreeBSD, Net-BSD, IBM s AIX based on both System V and BSD, HP-UX (a strong competitor to Aix and Solaris)

30 History (contd.)

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