Operating Systems. Hadi Salimi Computer Engineering Department Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran, Iran

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1 Operating Systems Hadi Salimi Computer Engineering Department Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran, Iran Spring 2009 Course motivation and goals Programming g computer hardware directly is difficult Operating systems provide a layer between applications and computer hardware (VM) Understanding operating system concepts is essential to many advanced programming tasks 2

2 Class outline Introduction and Overview Processes and threads Operating system structures Memory management Scheduling Input/Output File Systems Security 3 Textbook Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Operating Systems design and implementation, 3nd ed., Prentice Hall, Abraham Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. Operating Systems Concepts, 7nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2005 William Stallings. Operating Systems, 4nd ed., Prentice Hall, Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Modern Operating Systems, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall,

3 Overview: What is an operating system? Operating systems history The zoo of modern operating systems Review of computer hardware Operating system concepts System calls Operating system structure User interface to the operating system Anatomy of a system call 5 Samples of Operating Systems IBSYS (IBM 7090) OS/360 (IBM 360) TSS/360 (360 mod 67) Michigan Terminal System CP/CMS & VM 370 MULTICS (GE 645) Alto (Xerox PARC) Pilot (Xerox STAR) CP/M IRIX Solaris MVS VxWorks 6 MACH Apollo DOMAIN Unix (System V & BSD) Apple Mac (v. 1 v. 9) MS-DOS Windows NT, 2000, XP Novell Netware Linux FreeBSD PalmOS PocketPC VxWorks

4 Samples of Operating Systems (continue ) 7 What is an Operating System? An Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. It is an extended machine Hides the messy details which must be performed Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use It is a resource manager Each program gets time with the resource Each program gets space on the resource 8

5 The Operating System controls the machine Compiler Debugger User Application Operating System Game Editor OS Kernel Hard ware Video App. Hardware Terminal emulator Browser 9 Static View of System Components User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User n Compiler Editor Database Calculator WP Operating System Hardware 10

6 Dynamic View of System Components 11 Layers of a Computer System End User Programmer Application Programs Utilities Operating- System Designer Operating-System te Computer Hardware 12

7 History of Operating Systems First generation: Vacuum tubes, Plug boards Second generation: Transistors, Batch systems Third generation: Integrated circuits, Multiprogramming Fourth generation: 1980 present Large scale integration, Personal computers Next generation:??? Systems connected by high-speed networks? Wide area resource management? 13 First generation: direct input Run one job at a time Enter it into the computer (might require rewiring!) Run it Record the results Problem: lots of wasted computer time! Computer was idle during first and last steps Computers were very expensive! Goal: make better use of an expensive commodity: computer time 14

8 Second generation: batch systems Bring cards to 1401 Read cards onto input tape Put input tape on 7094 Perform the computation, writing results to output tape Put output tape on 1401, which prints output 15 Structure of a typical 2nd generation job Data for program $END FORTRAN program $RUN $LOAD $FORTRAN $JOB, 10, , JANE DOE 16

9 Third generation: multiprogramming Memory partitions 17 Job 3 Job 2 Job 1 Operating system Multiple jobs in memory Protected from one another Operating system protected from each job as well Resources (time, hardware) split between jobs Still not interactive ti User submits job Computer runs it User gets results minutes (hours, days) later Multi tasking Job 1 Task 1 Task 2 Job 2 Job 3 Operat ing System Main Memory CPU Resource utilization Multiprogramming, multitasking, and multiple users. Time sharing. Response time. 18

10 Timesharing Multiprogramming allowed several jobs to be active at one time Initially used for batch systems Cheaper hardware terminals interactive use Computer use got much cheaper and easier No more priesthood Quick turnaround meant quick fixes for problems 19 Types of modern operating systems Mainframe operating systems: MVS Server operating systems: FreeBSD, Solaris Multiprocessor operating systems: Cellular IRIX Personal computer operating systems: XP, Linux PDA operating systems: PalmOS, PocketPC Real-time/embedded operating systems: VxWorks, QNX Smart card operating systemsstems Some operating systems can fit into more than one category 20

11 Computer Hardware Review Computer block diagram Components of a simple personal computer CPU internals Memory Storage pyramid Disk drive structure Anatomy of a device request Structure of a large Pentium system 21 Input Unit Keyboard Mouse Scanner Modem Computer Control Unit ALU CPU Registers Bank Output Unit Monitor Printer Modem Cache Memory Main RAMMemory ROM HDSecondary FDMemory CD Flash Tertiary Memory Tape 22

12 Computer Components: Top-Level View MAR - Memory Address Register address for next read or write MBR - Memory Buffer Register data to be written into memory receives data read from memory I/OAR - I/O Address specifies a particular I/O device I/OBR - I/O Buffer exchange of data between an I/O module and the processor 23 Components of a simple personal computer Outside world Video Hard drive USB Network controller controller controller controller CPU Memory Computer internals (inside the box ) 24

13 CPU internals Fetch unit Decode unit Execute unit Fetch unit Decode unit Execute unit Holding buffer Execute unit Fetch unit Decode unit Execute unit (a) A three-stage Pipelined CPU (b) A Superscalar CPU 25 Memory Address Address 0x0002ffff User 2 program and data 0x0002b000 0x00027fff User 1 program and data 0x Limit Base 0x0002ffff 0x0002d000 0x0002bfff 0x x00024fff 0x User 2 data User 1 data User program Limit 2 Base 2 Limit 1 Base 1 0x0001dfff 0x Operating system 0x0001dfff 0x Operating system Single base/limit pair: set for each process Two base/limit it registers: one for program, one for data 26

14 Storage pyramid Capacity Access latency Better < 1 KB 1 MB Registers Cache (SRAM) 1 GB Main memory (DRAM) 200 GB Magnetic disk > 1 TB Magnetic tape 1 ns 2 5 ns 50 ns 5 ms 50 sec Better Goal: really large memory with very low latency Latencies are smaller at the top of the hierarchy Capacities are larger at the bottom of the hierarchy Solution: move data between levels to create illusion of large memory with low latency 27 Disk drive structure Data stored on surfaces Up to two surfaces per platter One or more platters per disk Data in concentric tracks Tracks broken into sectors 256B-1KB per sector Cylinder: corresponding tracks on all surfaces Data read and written by heads Actuator moves heads Heads move in unison sector platter track cylinder surfaces spindle head actuator 28

15 Anatomy of a device request Interrupt Disk CPU controller controller : Interrupt Left: sequence as seen by hardware Request sent to controller, then to disk Instruction n Instruction n+1 Operating system 3: Return Interrupt handler 2: Process interrupt Disk responds, signals disk controller which tells interrupt controller Interrupt controller notifies CPU Right: interrupt t handling (software point of view) 29 Operating system Components Process Management Memory Management File Management I/O Management Process Scheduler Inter Process Communication Network Unit Command Interpreter t Security Management 30

16 Processes A B C D E F G 31 Process: program in execution Address space (memory) the program can use State (registers, including program counter & stack pointer) OS keeps track of all processes in a process table Processes can create other processes Process tree tracks these relationships Aistheroot of the tree A created three child processes: B, C, and D C created two child processes: E and F D created one child process: G Memory image of a Unix process 0x7fffffff 0x Stack Data Data Text Processes have three segments Text: program code Data: program data Statically declared variables Areas allocated by malloc() or new (heap) Stack Automatic variables Procedure call information Address space growth Text: doesn t grow Data: grows up Stack: grows down 32

17 Synchronization and deadlock (a) A Potential deadlock (b) An Actual deadlock 33 Hierarchical file systems File system for a university department 34

18 Mounting Before mounting, files on floppy are inaccessible After mounting floppy on b, files on floppy are part of file hierarchy 35 Inter-process communication Processes may want to exchange information with each other Many ways to do this, including Network Pipe (special file): A writes into pipe, and B reads from it Process A Pipe Process B Two processes connected by a pipe 36

19 Types of OS structures Monolithic system Layered system Virtual machine Exokernel Client/Server 37 Monolithic system Main procedure Service Procedures Utility Procedures Simple structuring model for a monolithic system 38

20 Monolithic system Applicatio ns System call interface Kernel MM PS IPC FS I/O Net User space Kernel space MM = Memory Manager PS = Processor Scheduler IPC = Inter Process Communication FS = File System I/O = Input/Output manager Net = Network manager 39 Layered system Layer 5 User space Layer 4 Kernel space Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Layer 0 User User Application I/O Management Message Interpreter Memory Management Process Scheduling Har dware Structure of the THE operating system 40

21 Virtual machine System calls I/O instructions Calls to simulate I/O Real I/O instructions App 1 App 2 App 3 Linux CMS (VMW) Windows NT CMS (VMW) VM/370 Bare hardware FreeBSD CMS (VMW) First widely used in VM/370 with CMS (Conversational Monitor System) Available today in VMware Allows users to run any x86-based OS on top of Linux or NT Guest OS can crash without harming underlying OS Only virtual machine fails rest of underlying OS is fine Guest OS can even use raw hardware Virtual machine keeps things separated 41 Exokernel Same as Virtual machine Assign one virtual computer to any user Allocate sub set of resource to any virtual machine 42

22 Client/Server Client Client Process Terminal File Memory process process server server server server Microkernel User mode Kernel e mode The client-server model Client obtains service by sending messages to server processes Processes (clients and OS servers) don t share memory Communication via message-passing Separation reduces risk of byzantine failures Examples include Mach, QNX, early versions of Windows NT 43 Client/Server Applicatio ns System call interface File System Process Scheduler Device manager User space IPC Micro Kernel Kernel space Memory Management Synchronization 44

23 Client/Server The client-server model in a distributed system 45 System calls Programs want the OS to perform a service Access a file Create a process Others Accomplished by system call Program passes relevant information to OS OS performs the service if The OS is able to do so The service is permitted for this program at this time OS checks information passed to make sure it s OK Don t want programs reading data into other programs memory! 46

24 System calls Applications Applications Applications System call interface User space Kernel space OS Component MM PS IPC FS I/O Net 47 Making a system call 0xffffffff User space Kernel space (OS) 0 3 Return to caller Trap to kernel Trap code in register 2 4 Increment SP 9 7 Call read 1 Push arguments 5 6 Dispatch 8 Sys call handler Library (read call) User code System call: read(fd,buffer,length) ff Program pushes arguments, calls library Library sets up trap, calls OS OS handles system call Control returns to library Library returns to user program There are 9 steps in making the system call 48

25 System calls for files & directories Call Description fd = open(name,how) Open a file for reading and/or writing s = close(fd) Close an open file n = read(fd,buffer,size) Read data from a file into a buffer n = write(fd,buffer,size) Write data from a buffer into a file s = lseek(fd,offset,whence) Move the current pointer for a file s = stat(name,&buffer) Get a file s status information (in buffer) ) MINIX System calls 49 More system calls pid = fork() Call pid=waitpid(pid,&statloc,options) s = execve(name,argv,environp) exit(status) s = chdir(dirname) Description Create a child process identical to the parent Wait for a child to terminate Replace a process core image Terminate process execution and return status Change the working directory s = chmod(name,mode) Change a file s protection bits s = kill(pid,signal) Send a signal to a process seconds = time(&seconds) Get the elapsed time since 1 Jan 1970 MINIX System calls 50

26 A simple shell while (TRUE) { /* repeat forever */ type_prompt( ) ; /* display prompt */ read_command (command, parameters); /* input from terminal */ if (fork()!= 0) { /* fork off child process */ /* Parent code */ waitpid( -1, &status, 0); /* wait for child to exit */ } else { /* Child code */ execve (command, parameters, 0); /* execute command */ } } 51 System Calls 52 Some UNIX and Win32 API calls

27 Review How does a batch operating system differ from a multiprogrammed operating system? Why is multiprogramming useful? Why are multiprogrammed systems much more difficult to implement than are batch systems? What is timesharing? How does it differ from multiprogramming? What is an online system? What is a real-time system? stem? Which systems try to maximize throughput? Which ones try to minimize response time? 53 What type of operating system would you use For editing a letter? For controlling a chemical reaction? For processing payroll? In a cellphone? In a toy? For surfing the web? For air traffic control? For a scientific simulation? To play MP3? 54

28 Computer architecture What connects the processor to memory? What are the components of the storage hierarchy? What is between the processor and I/O devices? What are the components of a disk? What is an interrupt? Why are interrupts useful? What happens to program execution when an interrupt occurs? 55 OS interaction Does it differ if the operating system is monolithic or a microkernel? What are the steps involved when the operating system is monolithic? What additional steps happen in case of a microkernel? 56

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