Introduction to Linux Overview and Some History

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1 Introduction to Linux Overview and Some History Computational Science and Engineering North Carolina A&T State University Instructor: Dr. K. M. Flurchick

2 Operating Systems and Linux Overview 2

3 Overview Objectives of the Lecture Defining Operating Systems History of Unix/Linux Linux Variations User Interface for Linux Linux Shell Programs Connecting to a Linux System Linux Commands Resources 3

4 o What this course is: Objectives to put Linux into a context for better understanding, gain the perspective to see what Linux is, what Linux can do and why use Linux. What this course isn t: just a list of Linux commands and what they do (although there will be plenty of that :), not just to answer How do I?. But ask the How do I? questions when you need to. 4

5 What is an Operating System (OS)? The OS is the most important program that runs on a computer. The OS performs basic tasks: recognizing input from keyboard and mouse, sending output to display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers, networking, memory management, security, and many other actions. 5

6 The OS is an Onion OS Layers: the Kernel the Interpreter (shell) the Utilities, the system interface, system tools and other applications 6

7 Other Kernel Tasks The kernel presents a unified virtual machine interface (system calls) to programs and the computer hardware. The kernel spawns helper programs (threads) to perform work on their behalf. The Bootstrap is a program (called init). This allows users to interact with the computer via the shell (the interpreter). The kernel handles errors gracefully. 7

8 Kernel: Managing Processes Each running program is a process of the kernel, and is described in the process structure. Processes are scheduled according to a set of heuristics and are controlled via signals from the kernel. Processes are given some amount of virtual memory in which to store code and data. Processes are NOT allowed to access the hardware directly. 8

9 Examples of Personal Computer (PC) Operating Systems DOS, MS-DOS MS Windows (98, NT, XP, Vista) Linux (SuSE, RedHat, Ubuntu,...) Unix (Irix, Solaris, AIX,...) MacOS, MacOSX/Darwin 9

10 History of Unix/Linux 1969 First UNIX is from AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie First BSD was released, Spurred in part by sabbatical at UC-Berkeley by Thompson Linux was introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland, who posted to the comp.os.minix newsgroup with the words: Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.. Ken (seated) and Dennis (standing) at a PDP-11 in Linus Torvalds at LinuxWorld

11 History of Linux The GNU (GNU is Not Unix) is an effort to develop a free and open source Unix. Richard Stallman Torvalds combined his kernel with GNU software from Richard Stallman (of emacs fame) and the Free Software Foundation and Linux was off and running. Linux grows with contributions world-wide. 11

12 Linux Features: Multitasking many programs running at once, Multiuser many users at once, Multiplatform runs on many different processor types. Linux Overview 12

13 File System: directory structure 13

14 Two major branches of Unix: AT&T System V. Variations on a Theme BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). Lots of commercial Unix-derived systems: AIX(IBM),IRIX(SGI),HP-UX(HP),OpenSolaris(Sun). Linux is a Unix-like system free of proprietary software for which source code is available, freely distributed. There are minor variations of Linux, but they aremuch more alike then they are different. 14

15 There are many groups packaging Linux, Linux Distributions some free; others charge. A partial listing: Red Hat, CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian, SUSE, Fedora. 15

16 User Interface The user interacts with the OS by giving it commands. This interface is either via: command line (e.g. through the shell), graphical user interface (GUI). Don t confuse the user interface to the OS with the OS itself. The OS does much more! Most OS can do both, e.g. Linux typically uses the command line. 16

17 Windows Focus is on the graphical interface. Linux Focus is on the command line interface. User-friendly for broad audience appeal. System stability improving. (Vista is a question) Higher performance and stability. Graphical interfaces for the OS are available. 17

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