7. Try shrinking / -- what happens? Why? Cannot shrink the volume since we can not umount the / logical volume.

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1 OPS235 Lab 4 [1101] Sample/suggested Answers/notes (Please ask your professor if you need any clarification or more explanation on concepts you don't understand.) Investigation 1: How are LVMs managed using system-config-lvm? It manages LVM using GUI interface: Select the logical view to create/remove logical volume (lv) Select the logical volume to create snapshot or edit properties. 7. Try shrinking / -- what happens? Why? Cannot shrink the volume since we can not umount the / logical volume. Investigation 2: How are LVMs managed from the command line LVMs are managed from the command line using a group of lvm commands. e.g. pvs, vgs, lvs, lvcreate, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, lvextend, lvreduce, lvremove, etc. Investigate 3: How can a PV be added to an existing VG? First, run the fdisk program to create a new partition: #fdisk /dev/vdb... Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-4063, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{k,m,g} (1-4063, default 4063): Using default value 4063 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/vdb: 2097 MB, bytes 16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4063 cylinders Units = cylinders 0f 1008 * 512 = bytes Disk identifier: 0x977f8a52 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdb Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. Secondly, create the Physical volume from the partition (/dev/vdb1) created in previous step: [root@fed13 ~]# pvcreate /dev/vdb1 Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created Display the newly created physical volume: [root@fed13 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fed13 lvm2 a- 7.80G M

2 /dev/vdb1 lvm G 1.95G Display the volume group ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fed wz--n- 7.80G M Lastly, add the new physical volume (/dev/vdb1) to the volume group vg_fed12 [root@fed13 ~]# vgextend vg_fed13 /dev/vdb1 Volume group "vg_fed13" successfully extended [root@fed13 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fed13 lvm2 a- 7.80G M /dev/vdb1 vg_fed13 lvm2 a- 1.95G 1.95G [root@fed13 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fed wz--n- 9.75G 2.24G Additional information on how to create a file system for /home out of an existing volume group: Display logical volume and create a new logical volume lv_home [root@fed13 ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_ext2 vg_fed13 -wi-a M lv_ext4 vg_fed13 -wi-a M lv_root vg_fed13 -wi-ao 6.83G lv_swap vg_fed13 -wi-ao M [root@fed13 ~]# lvcreate -L 1G -n lv_home vg_fed13 Logical volume "lv_home" created [root@fed13 ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_ext2 vg_fed13 -wi-a M lv_ext4 vg_fed13 -wi-a M lv_home vg_fed13 -wi-a- 1.00G lv_root vg_fed13 -wi-ao 6.83G lv_swap vg_fed13 -wi-ao M Using the new logical volume lv_home to create a separate filesystem for /home: ** Warning ** In an production server, you should backup files and directories under /home to backup media, e.g. tape, dvd, or other file server before doing the following operation. ** Warning** 1. Logout all users and login to fedora vm as root on a cui (character user interface) terminal. It would be even better to switch to runlevel 1 when performing this kind of operation. 2. run the command mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg_fed13/lv_home to create a ext4 file system on the logical volume lv_home 3. run the command mkdir /mnt/temp to create a temporary mount point. 4. Run the command mount -t ext4 /dev/vg_fed13/lv_home /mnt/temp to attach the new filesystem to the directory /mnt/temp. 5. Change the current working directory to /home and run the command cp -Ra * /mnt/temp to copy all the files and directories recursively to the /mnt/temp directory. 6. Use the appropriate commands to verify that the number of files/directories for each user are the same on /home and /mnt/temp. (e.g. ls -lra /home/rchan wc -l and ls -lra

3 /mnt/temp/rchan wc -l, more on this in class.) 7. Run the command umount /mnt/temp to detach the new file system from the /mnt/temp directory. 8. Add the following line to the /etc/fstab file to automatically mount the new filesystem (which now contains all users' home directory except user root's home directory /root ) to /home: /dev/vg_fed13/lv_home /home ext4 default Reboot the system and verify that all users can login to the system and have access to their file. Investigation 4: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? 1. Use fdisk to create a new logical partition (e.g. /dev/sda8). Use the pvcreate command to make it a physical volume: pvcreate /dev/sda8 2. Add the partition as a PV into the existing VG vgextend vg_main /dev/sda8 3. Add 5.0 G to the root partition: lvextend -L +5.0G /dev/vg_main/lv_root 4. Grow the root filesystem to fill the added space: resize2fs /dev/vg_main/lv_root Investigation 5: How do you query the RPM database? Option Meaning Select/query option? -a Select all packages Select-option -l List all files Query-option -p filename Select a package Select-option -i Show the package license, packager, URL, description, and other general information Query-option -f filename Select a file Select-option Packagename Select just this package Select-option Investigation 6: How do you install and remove software with RPM? 1. To add a package, use the rpm -i command with the full package name. e.g. for the package lynx fc12.x86_64.rpm, the command should be rpm -i lynx fc12.x86_64.rpm 2. To remove a package, use the rpm -e command with the package name. e.g. to remove the package described above, the command should be rpm -e lynx Investiagation 7: How do you install and remove software with yum? 1. To install a package, use the command yum install package-name. e.g. for the package BackupPC, the command should be yum install BackupPC. 2. To remove a package, use the command yum remove package-name. Note: 1. yum get the BackupPC software from the network Fedora software distribution server or its

4 mirror sites. 2. Yum is capable of resolving software dependencies while the rpm program cannot. Investigation 8: The /etc/passwd file 5. Why do you think there are so many users? ANSWER: most of them are system users user to run system processes. 6. Look at the names of the users. What do you thank these user names represent? Are they people? ANSWER: most of them represent the name of system softwares (e.g. ftp, uucp, mail, dbus, tcpdump, openvpn, etc). They are not people. Investigation 9: Adding users An entry in the /etc/passwd file: rchan:x:500:500:raymond chan:/home/rchan:/bin/bash ---- login shell home directory user full name group ID user ID (password move to /etc/shadow)- see /etc/shadow user name For step 6, cd to the directory /etc/skel and run the command ls -la. This directory contains files that should be copied to the home directory of a new account. Investigation 10: Managing Groups On a Fedora (Red Hat/CentOS) system, GID < 500 are reserved for system accounts. The default group name of a new user is the user's name. (user name = group name -> this group is also called a private group.) Investigation 11: Deleting users 1. the -r option remove user's home directory (and the user's mail box) when that user is deleted. (Try to find out the location of each user's mail box) 2. When a user is deleted, its private group is also removed. Investigation 12: Modifying users Read the man page: man usermod

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