The OS Wars. Success

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1 The OS Wars Selecting the Right Operating System for your CE Device Gopal Miglani - SoftProse, Inc. It works! On time Under budget Success June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 2 1

2 Conclusion Success of a CE software project depends on: Experience of software team Core OS technology Tools Off-the-shelf components / Code re-use June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 3 Evaluation Criteria Qualitative comparison of OS Architectures Tools Off the shelf components Licensing models June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 4 2

3 Problems with RTOS s Source: TRON Association Survey in Japan 2% Support 4% Others 4% Lacks off the shelf components 9% OS overhead 31% Shortage of staff familiar with technology 10% Perf. & func. don t meet spec. 16% Lack of development tools 10% Lack of stds., hard to switch 14% Cost June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 5 CE may not be Real-Time Real-Time Set-top box Mobile phone Modems GPS receivers unreal-time PDA Web receivers Low user interaction High user interaction June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 6 3

4 OS Architecture Tutorial Outline Execution model, Memory model, Processor mode, Interrupt model, Preemption model, Scheduling policy, Inter-process communication, Dynamic component support Tools - hardware, software Processor support, off the shelf components Licensing models Java June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 7 OS Architecture Execution model Memory model Processor mode Interrupt model Preemption model Scheduling policy Inter-process communication Dynamic component support June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 8 4

5 OS Architecture Execution model Memory model Processor mode Interrupt model Preemption model Scheduling policy Inter-process communication Dynamic component support Impact security/reliability June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 9 Threads Processes / Tasks Execution Model traditional kernel like Lynx, OS-9, WinCE micro kernel like QNX June OS Architecture 10 5

6 Threads Share all memory All threads share all global variables Typically all threads run in privileged mode June OS Architecture: Execution Model 11 Thread Based Kernels Advantages Fast context switch Simple direct calls into kernel Easier preemption Shared globals Disadvantages Lack of security Shared globals One rouge application damages entire system Cannot support processes Examples: Nucleus, VxWorks June OS Architecture: Execution Model 12 6

7 Thread Example Privileged mode kernel web server socket library UDP IP Ethernet driver June OS Architecture: Execution Model 13 Processes Each process has its own: Memory space Global variables Default processor state June OS Architecture: Execution Model 14 7

8 Process Based Kernels Advantages Secure inter process globals Can support threads Disadvantages Slower context switch Complex exception into kernel Complex variable sharing Insecure system s/w Examples: Lynx, OS-9, WinCE June OS Architecture: Execution Model 15 Process Example Processor exception or TRAP web server socket library kernel UDP IP Ethernet driver Non-privileged mode Privileged mode June OS Architecture: Execution Model 16 8

9 Don t trust anyone Microkernels Only kernel in privileged mode Everything else is a process in nonprivileged mode June OS Architecture: Execution Model 17 Process Based Microkernels Advantages Very secure inter process variables system software Can support threads Examples: QNX Disadvantages Slowest context switch message passing Complex exception into kernel Complex variable sharing June OS Architecture: Execution Model 18 9

10 Microkernel Example Privileged mode Non-privileged mode kernel web server socket library UDP IP Ethernet driver June OS Architecture: Execution Model 19 Execution Model Review Itron Thread or Process Linux Process + Thread Lynx Process + Thread Nucleus Thread OS-9 Process psos+ Process + Thread QNX Microkernel VxWorks Thread WinCE Process + Thread June OS Architecture: Execution Model 20 10

11 Suitability Based on Complexity Application System Thread Process µkernel Area of box represents amount & complexity of software June OS Architecture: Execution Model 21 Suitability to Device Type thread process µkernel single purpose devices open computing environment modem, GPS, phone closed set-top box, PDA, web receiver open June OS Architecture: Execution Model 22 11

12 Memory Model Flat/real/absolute memory space each execution unit sees same address space MMU optional subject to memory fragmentation Virtual memory space each EU s address space starts at zero requires MMU not subject to fragmentation June OS Architecture 23 Memory Model Itron Nucleus OS-9 Absolute psos+ VxWorks Linux Virtual+disk(required) Lynx Virtual+disk WinCE Virtual+disk QNX Virtual+disk June OS Architecture 24 12

13 Privileged Processor Mode can execute all privileged instructions can access all memory Non-privileged restricted to safe instructions only memory allowed by MMU June OS Architecture 25 Processor mode Itron Linux Lynx Nucleus OS-9 psos+ QNX VxWorks WinCE privileged+non-privileged privileged+non-privileged privileged+non-privileged privileged privileged+non-privileged privileged+non-privileged privileged+non-privileged privileged privileged+non-privileged June OS Architecture 26 13

14 Interrupt Model Nested interrupts (NI) Multiple interrupts per vector (MIPV) Partial masking at all levels (PM) June OS Architecture 27 Interrupt Model Itron Linux Lynx Nucleus OS-9 psos+ QNX VxWorks WinCE NI, MIPV?, PM NI, MIPV MIPV NI, MIPV NI, MIPV, PM NI, MIPV?, PM? NI, MIPV, PM NI, MIPV, PM June OS Architecture 28 14

15 Preemption Model Kernel preemption by interrupts Worst case interrupt response Kernel preemption by alarms, signals, etc. Preemption in privileged mode for dual mode operating systems June OS Architecture 29 Preemption Model Itron Linux Lynx Nucleus OS-9 psos+ QNX VxWorks WinCE Kernel preemption by interrupts June OS Architecture 30 15

16 Round Robin Priority Priority aging Scheduling Policy Priority inversion prevention (PIP) June OS Architecture 31 Scheduling Policies Itron Linux Lynx Nucleus OS-9 psos+ QNX VxWorks WinCE Priority non real-time/complex Priority Priority Priority aging Priority Priority Priority, Round robin, PIP Priority, PIP (8 priorities) June OS Architecture 32 16

17 Inter-Process communication Signals Semaphores Multi-valued semaphores Mail boxes message pipes Sockets June OS Architecture 33 Dynamic Component Support Without rebooting does the OS allow loading: new application (NA) already running application (RA) OS component (OC) June OS Architecture 34 17

18 Dynamic Component Support Itron Linux Lynx Nucleus OS-9 psos+ QNX VxWorks WinCE NA NA, OC NA In future release NA, RA, OC NA, OC NA, OC NA*, OC NA, OC June OS Architecture 35 Hardware based Software based Tools more prone to lockup you have to port the debug agent slow (Ethernet, serial, parallel) June Tools 36 18

19 Software based debuggers Target Host Software to be debugged Debug agent Tiny comm. stack IDE + debugger Full comm. stack June Tools 37 Tools Proprietary Third Party Proprietary IDE + Third Party June Tools 38 19

20 Hard/Soft Tools Hardware based (must, must, must!) BDM JTAG ICE Logic Analyzer Software Based Debug agent on target, tool on workstation June Tools 39 Tool features Source level debugging in privileged mode also, for dual mode OS Breakpoints, watchpoints, etc. Hardware based breakpoints Edit while debug Post-mortem OS build wizard June Tools 40 20

21 Diab-data Metaware Compilers GNU (public domain) Ultra-C/C++ for OS-9 Compilers support CPUs not OS, except OS-9. Proprietary executable format for virus protection. Includes CRC in header. June Tools 41 Third Party Tools Software Development Systems (SDS) Embedded Support Tools (EST) Greenhills - Multi Applied Microsystems Metrowerks June Tools 42 21

22 Original Vendor Tools Tornado from WindRiver Systems prism+ for Integrated Systems Visual Studio from Microsoft Hawk from Microware June Tools 43 OS & Tool Choices Itron Third party (TP) Linux GNU, TP Lynx Third Party Nucleus Visual Studio +, TP OS-9 Hawk psos+ prism+, TP QNX CodeWarrior, TP VxWorks Tornado, TP WinCE Visual Studio June Tools 44 22

23 Experience of Software Team Retaining the best engineers Not changing OS for every new project Processors supported Off the shelf components Driver support June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 45 Itron 8 Linux >4 Lynx 3 Nucleus 17 OS-9 7 psos+ 14 QNX 3 VxWorks 16 WinCE 5 Processor Support June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 46 23

24 Off The Shelf Components Networking TCP/IP, Ethernet, WAN, USB, IEEE 1394 Graphics MPEG Java Embedded web server Browser June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 47 Licensing Models Itron per individual supplier Linux GNU Public License Lynx license+royalty Nucleus Full source, per-project, no royalty OS-9 license+royalty psos+ license+royalty QNX license+royalty VxWorks license+royalty WinCE license+royalty June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 48 24

25 Java Processor independence Large size JVM k AWT 1500k For very large projects code size starts falling June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 49 Java/AWT Alternatives HP s Chai VM HAVi Newmonics - PERC NSI Com - JSCP June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 50 25

26 Java - The OS Still Matters Application Operating System JVM AWT or similar class libraries Protocols & Libraries in native code Device Drivers - GFX, MPEG, comm, flash, June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 51 Postscript POSIX Quantitative measures Power management support June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 52 26

27 UNIX like POSIX Real-time signals with data Message Queues Async I/O Timeouts for blocking Binary semaphores Lock pages into memory June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 53 POSIX pthreads - priority inversion Control over scheduling At least 32 priorities Support can be at superficial library layer Or, core capabilities can be supported Can it be all things to all people? June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 54 27

28 Quantitative Measures Interrupt response Hookable Interrupt points Context switch time (2 busy loops + LA) Caching changes everything Best, average & worst case Purchase from Real-Time Magazine June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 55 The OS Wars Selecting the Right Operating System for your CE Device Gopal Miglani - SoftProse, Inc. Download latest tutorial version from: June The OS Wars - Gopal Miglani 56 28

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