Ceph: scaling storage for the cloud and beyond

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1 Ceph: scaling storage for the cloud and beyond Sage Weil Inktank

2 outline why you should care what is it, what it does distributed object storage ceph fs who we are, why we do this

3 why should you care about another storage system?

4 requirements diverse storage needs object storage block devices (for VMs) with snapshots, cloning shared file system with POSIX, coherent caches structured data... files, block devices, or objects? scale terabytes, petabytes, exabytes heterogeneous hardware reliability and fault tolerance

5 time ease of administration no manual data migration, load balancing painless scaling expansion and contraction seamless migration

6 cost linear function of size or performance incremental expansion no fork-lift upgrades no vendor lock-in choice of hardware choice of software open

7 what is ceph?

8 unified storage system objects native RESTful block file thin provisioning, snapshots, cloning strong consistency, snapshots

9 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to to directly access RADOS, with support for for C, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 S3 and Swift RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for for FUSE RADOS A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

10 open source LGPLv2 copyleft ok to link to proprietary code no copyright assignment no dual licensing no enterprise-only feature set active community commercial support

11 distributed storage system data center scale 10s to 10,000s of machines terabytes to exabytes fault tolerant no single point of failure commodity hardware self-managing, self-healing

12 ceph object model pools 1s to 100s independent namespaces or object collections replication level, placement policy objects bazillions blob of data (bytes to gigabytes) attributes (e.g., version=12 ; bytes to kilobytes) key/value bundle (bytes to gigabytes)

13 why start with objects? more useful than (disk) blocks names in a single flat namespace variable size simple API with rich semantics more scalable than files no hard-to-distribute hierarchy update semantics do not span objects workload is trivially parallel

14 HUMAN

15 HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN

16 HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN () (actually more like this )

17 HUMAN HUMAN HUMAN

18 OSD OSD OSD OSD OSD FS FS FS FS FS btrfs xfs ext4 M M M

19 Monitors: Maintain cluster membership and state M Provide consensus for distributed decision-making via Paxos Small, odd number These do not serve stored objects to clients Object Storage Daemons (OSDs): At least three in a cluster One per disk or RAID group Serve stored objects to clients Intelligently peer to perform replication tasks

20 HUMAN M M M

21 data distribution all objects are replicated N times objects are automatically placed, balanced, migrated in a dynamic cluster must consider physical infrastructure ceph-osds on hosts in racks in rows in data centers three approaches pick a spot; remember where you put it pick a spot; write down where you put it calculate where to put it, where to find it

22 CRUSH Pseudo-random placement algorithm Fast calculation, no lookup Repeatable, deterministic Ensures even distribution Stable mapping Limited data migration Rule-based configuration specifiable replication infrastructure topology aware allows weighting

23 hash(object name) % num pg CRUSH(pg, cluster state, policy)

24

25 RADOS monitors publish osd map that describes cluster state ceph-osd node status (up/down, weight, IP) CRUSH function specifying desired data distribution M object storage daemons (OSDs) safely replicate and store object migrate data as the cluster changes over time coordinate based on shared view of reality gossip! decentralized, distributed approach allows massive scales (10,000s of servers or more) the illusion of a single copy with consistent behavior

26 CLIENT??

27

28

29 CLIENT??

30 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS, with support for C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 S3 and Swift RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for for FUSE RADOS A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

31 APP LIBRADOS native MM MM MM

32 L LIBRADOS Provides direct access to RADOS for applications C, C++, Python, PHP, Java No HTTP overhead

33 atomic transactions client operations send to the OSD cluster operate on a single object can contain a sequence of operations, e.g. truncate object write new object data set attribute atomicity all operations commit or do not commit atomically conditional 'guard' operations can control whether operation is performed verify xattr has specific value assert object is a specific version allows atomic compare-and-swap etc.

34 key/value storage store key/value pairs in an object independent from object attrs or byte data payload based on google's leveldb efficient random and range insert/query/removal based on BigTable SSTable design exposed via key/value API insert, update, remove individual keys or ranges of keys avoid read/modify/write cycle for updating complex objects e.g., file system directory objects

35 watch/notify establish stateful 'watch' on an object client interest persistently registered with object client keeps session to OSD open send 'notify' messages to all watchers notify message (and payload) is distributed to all watchers variable timeout notification on completion all watchers got and acknowledged the notify use any object as a communication/synchronization channel locking, distributed coordination (ala ZooKeeper), etc.

36 CLIENT #1 CLIENT #2 CLIENT #3 OSD watch ack/commit watch ack/commit watch ack/commit notify notify notify notify ack ack ack complete

37 watch/notify example radosgw cache consistency radosgw instances watch a single object (.rgw/notify) locally cache bucket metadata on bucket metadata changes (removal, ACL changes) write change to relevant bucket object send notify with bucket name to other radosgw instances on receipt of notify invalidate relevant portion of cache

38 rados classes dynamically loaded.so /var/lib/rados-classes/* implement new object methods using existing methods part of I/O pipeline simple internal API reads can call existing native or class methods do whatever processing is appropriate return data writes can call existing native or class methods do whatever processing is appropriate generates a resulting transaction to be applied atomically

39 class examples grep read an object, filter out individual records, and return those sha1 read object, generate fingerprint, return that images rotate, resize, crop image stored in object remove red-eye crypto encrypt/decrypt object data with provided key

40 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to to directly access RADOS, with support for for C, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for for FUSE RADOS A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

41 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to to directly access RADOS, with support for for C, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 S3 and Swift RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for for FUSE RADOS A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

42

43 VM VM VM

44 VM VIRTUALIZATION CONTAINER LIBRBD LIBRADOS MM MM MM

45 CONTAINER LIBRBD LIBRADOS VM CONTAINER LIBRBD LIBRADOS MM MM MM

46 HOST KRBD (KERNEL MODULE) LIBRADOS MM MM MM

47 RADOS Block Device: Storage of virtual disks in RADOS Decouples VMs and containers Live migration! Images are striped across the cluster Snapshots! Support in Qemu/KVM OpenStack, CloudStack Mainline Linux kernel Image cloning Copy-on-write snapshot of existing image

48 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to to directly access RADOS, with support for for C, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 S3 and Swift RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for FUSE RADOS A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

49 CLIENT metadata data MM MM MM

50 MM MM MM

51 Metadata Server Manages metadata for a POSIX-compliant shared filesystem Directory hierarchy File metadata (owner, timestamps, mode, etc.) Stores metadata in RADOS Does not serve file data to clients Only required for shared filesystem

52 legacy metadata storage a scaling disaster name inode block list data no inode table locality fragmentation inode table directory many seeks difficult to partition etc home usr var vmlinuz hosts mtab passwd bin include lib

53 ceph fs metadata storage block lists unnecessary inode table mostly useless 1 etc home usr var vmlinuz 100 hosts mtab passwd 102 bin include lib APIs are path-based, not inode-based no random table access, sloppy caching embed inodes inside directories good locality, prefetching leverage key/value object

54 one tree three metadata servers??

55

56

57

58

59 DYNAMIC SUBTREE PARTITIONING

60 dynamic subtree partitioning scalable arbitrarily partition metadata adaptive move work from busy to idle servers replicate hot metadata efficient hierarchical partition preserve locality dynamic daemons can join/leave take over for failed nodes

61 controlling metadata io view ceph-mds as cache reduce reads dir+inode prefetching reduce writes consolidate multiple writes large journal or log stripe over objects two tiers journal for short term per-directory for long term fast failure recovery journal directories

62 what is journaled lots of state journaling is expensive up-front, cheap to recover non-journaled state is cheap, but complex (and somewhat expensive) to recover yes no client sessions actual fs metadata modifications cache provenance open files lazy flush client modifications may not be durable until fsync() or visible by another client

63 client protocol highly stateful consistent, fine-grained caching seamless hand-off between ceph-mds daemons

64 an example mount -t ceph :/ /mnt 3 ceph-mon RT 2 ceph-mds RT (1 ceph-mds to -osd RT) cd /mnt/foo/bar 2 ceph-mds RT (2 ceph-mds to -osd RT) ls -al open readdir 1 ceph-mds RT (1 ceph-mds to -osd RT) stat each file close cp * /tmp N ceph-osd RT ceph-mon ceph-osd ceph-mds

65 recursive accounting ceph-mds tracks recursive directory stats file sizes file and directory counts modification time virtual xattrs present full stats efficient $ ls alsh head total 0 drwxr xr x 1 root root 9.7T :51. drwxr xr x 1 root root 9.7T :06.. drwxr xr x 1 pomceph pg T :25 pomceph drwxr xr x 1 mcg_test1 pg G :57 mcg_test1 drwx x 1 luko adm 19G :17 luko drwx x 1 eest adm 14G :29 eest drwxr xr x 1 mcg_test2 pg G :34 mcg_test2 drwx x 1 fuzyceph adm 1.5G :46 fuzyceph drwxr xr x 1 dallasceph pg M :06 dallasceph

66 snapshots volume or subvolume snapshots unusable at petabyte scale snapshot arbitrary subdirectories simple interface hidden '.snap' directory no special tools $ mkdir foo/.snap/one # create snapshot $ ls foo/.snap one $ ls foo/bar/.snap _one_ # parent's snap name is mangled $ rm foo/myfile $ ls -F foo bar/ $ ls -F foo/.snap/one myfile bar/ $ rmdir foo/.snap/one # remove snapshot

67 multiple client implementations Linux kernel client mount -t ceph :/ /mnt export (NFS), Samba (CIFS) ceph-fuse libcephfs.so your app Samba (CIFS) Ganesha (NFS) Hadoop (map/reduce) NFS Ganesha libcephfs Hadoop libcephfs ceph ceph-fuse fuse kernel SMB/CIFS Samba libcephfs your app libcephfs

68 APP APP HOST/VM CLIENT LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to to directly access RADOS, with support for for C, C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP AWESOME RADOSGW A bucket-based REST gateway, compatible with S3 S3 and Swift AWESOME RBD A reliable and fully-distributed block device, with a Linux kernel client and a QEMU/KVM driver AWESOME CEPH FS A POSIX-compliant distributed file file system, with a Linux kernel client and support for for FUSE NEARLY AWESOME RADOS AWESOME A reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes

69 why we do this limited options for scalable open source storage proprietary solutions expensive don't scale (well or out) marry hardware and software industry needs to change

70 who we are Ceph created at UC Santa Cruz (2007) supported by DreamHost ( ) Inktank (2012) Los Angeles, Sunnyvale, San Francisco, remote growing user and developer community Linux distros, users, cloud stacks, SIs, OEMs

71 thanks sage

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