Chapter 5 Input/Output. I/O Devices
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1 Chapter 5 Input/Output 5.1 Principles of I/O hardware 5.2 Principles of I/O software 5.3 I/O software layers 5.4 Disks 5.5 Clocks 5.6 Character-oriented terminals 5.7 Graphical user interfaces 5.8 Network terminals 5.9 Power management 250 I/O Devices Block devices (e.g., disks) info stored in fixed-size blocks (512-32K bytes) address r/w each block independent of others Character devices (mouse, network interface) accepts/delivers a stream of characters not block-addressable Other types: clocks 251 1
2 I/O Devices (2) Block 252 Principles of I/O Hardware Some typical device, network, and data base rates 253 2
3 Device Controllers/Adapters I/O devices have components: mechanical component electronic component The electronic component is the device controller may be able to handle multiple devices Controller's tasks convert serial bit stream to block of bytes perform error correction as necessary make available to main memory 254 Device Controllers (2) Printed circuit board on a slot (bus) from which cable goes to actual device between controller and device low-level interface, typically bitstream (ECC) controller does conversion, error correction device driver initializes controller with a few high-level parameters, controller does rest memory region for data specified controller may have its own powerful processor 255 3
4 Memory-Mapped I/O (1) Separate I/O and memory space Memory-mapped I/O Hybrid 256 Communicating w/controllers Controller has registers to comm with OS deliver data, accept data; switch on/off examine/report status: ready, busy, done, etc. often data buffer (e.g., video ram) How is controller visible to OS? dedicated I/O port, special machine inst. memory-mapped Lines are raised or asserted 257 4
5 Communicating w/controllers (2) Memory-mapped pros and cons + use normal memory access instructions otherwise some ops require loading, etc. + enforce protection via address space - caching a device control register: disaster! - complicated if more than one bus (common) send addresses to memory, then devices 258 Memory-Mapped I/O (2) (a) A single-bus architecture (b) A dual-bus memory architecture 259 5
6 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Besides control, need to move data Interrupt 260 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Operation of a DMA transfer 261 6
7 Interrupts Revisited How interrupts happens. Connections between devices and interrupt controller actually use interrupt lines on the bus rather than dedicated wires 262 Principles of I/O Software Goals of I/O Software (1) Device independence programs can access any I/O device without specifying device in advance (floppy, hard drive, or CD-ROM) Uniform naming name of a file or device a string or an integer not depending on which machine Error handling handle as close to the hardware as possible 263 7
8 Goals of I/O Software (2) Synchronous vs. asynchronous transfers blocked transfers vs. interrupt-driven Buffering data coming off a device cannot be stored in final destination Sharable vs. dedicated devices disks are sharable tape drives would not be 264 I/O-related work programmed I/O CPU does all the work: polling, busy-waiting interrupt-driven I/O CPU interrupted by device when ready I/O using DMA DMA controller plays CPU s role 265 8
9 Programmed I/O (1) Steps in printing a string 266 Programmed I/O (2) Writing a string to the printer using programmed I/O 267 9
10 Interrupt-Driven I/O Writing a string to the printer using interrupt-driven I/O Code executed when print system call is made Interrupt service procedure 268 I/O Using DMA Printing a string using DMA code executed when the print system call is made interrupt service procedure
11 I/O Software Layers Layers of the I/O Software System 270 Interrupt Handlers (1) Interrupt handlers are best hidden have driver starting an I/O operation block until interrupt notifies of completion Interrupt procedure does its task then unblocks driver that started it Steps must be performed in software after interrupt completed 1. Save regs not already saved by interrupt hardware 2. Set up context for interrupt service procedure
12 Interrupt Handlers (2) 3. Set up stack for interrupt service procedure 4. Ack interrupt controller, reenable interrupts 5. Copy registers from where saved 6. Run service procedure 7. Set up MMU context for process to run next 8. Load new process' registers 9. Start running the new process 272 Device Drivers Communications between drivers and device controllers goes over the bus
13 Device Drivers (ii) Monolithic binary OS must recompile kernel to add a driver PCs, etc., dynamically load driver Standard interface for block; for character driver may service several devices Similar general structure validate input params, if valid translate to phys. get & exec sequence of instructions wait for device (block), or not; verify checksum pass data to device-indep software, return status 274 Device-Independent I/O Software (1) Uniform interfacing for device drivers Buffering Error reporting Allocating and releasing dedicate devices Providing a device-independent block size Functions of the device-independent I/O software
14 Device-Independent I/O Software (2) (a) Without a standard driver interface (b) With a standard driver interface 276 Device-Independent I/O Software (3) (a) Unbuffered input (b) Buffering in user space (c) Buffering in the kernel followed by copying to user space (d) Double buffering in the kernel
15 Device-Independent I/O Software (4) Networking may involve many copies 278 User-Space I/O Software most I/O software within OS but libraries linked with user programs outside kernel (syscalls effected by library procedures) real I/O related work: formatting of strings spooling: daemon process and spooling dir printing, , news (USENET)
16 User-Space I/O Software (2) Layers of the I/O system and the main functions of each layer
19: I/O. Mark Handley. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
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