ULI101 Introduction to Unix and Linux Week 1 Origin and History of Unix
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1 ULI101 Introduction to Unix and Linux Week 1 Origin and History of Unix 1. Welcome to ULI101! This Internet has become part of our daily lives. This course introduces you to the operating system and network technology that underlies much of the Internet, as well as the language used to create web pages. Important information: The website for this course is it contains week by week notes, assignment details, and other important information for the course. Please be sure that you read through the course outline, which states what this course will cover and how you will be evaluated, and the course policies. Your professor will give you additional details which may override or supplement the information on the course website (for example, your section s test and assignment dates may vary). 2. Operating Systems A computer can t do anything useful without a program a list of instructions to follow. An operating system is a collection of programs which manage and control the basic operation of the computer, including: allocating resources (memory, disk space, network bandwidth, access to devices) managing files starting, stopping, and controlling other programs enforcing basic system security 3. Unix Unix is an operating system originally developed at Bell Labs starting in Unix is a portable, interactive, multitasking, multiuser operating system. portable written in a language that can be used on different types of computers (the C language) interactive users can use the computer directly, and immediately see the results of their actions multitasking the operating system creates the illusion of performing multiple tasks at the same time by rapidly switching between them multiuser provides features necessary to support multiple users, including file security and the ability to interact with several people at one Unix became very popular because: Bell Labs (AT&T) distributed it at almost no cost to colleges and universities, which then taught students operating system programming using the Unix source code; these students later entered the industry and wanted to continue to use this powerful, familiar operating
2 system. Unix s features were useful and cost effective for business. The fact that Unix was portable meant that programs written for one type of computer could be moved to another type of computer, protecting a company s software development investment. The multiuser, multitasking, and interactive capabilities of Unix were also well suited to maximizing return on investment. Hardware vendors appreciated an operating system which could easily be configured for new hardware, rather than re inventing the wheel each time a new family of computers was introduced. In fact, Unix/Linux now runs on system ranging from watches to huge mainframes. The schools and hardware vendors, who had the source code to the operating system, extended the capabilities of Unix and shared those enhancements. This accelerated the development of the system. Unix and the Internet grew up hand in hand (the DARPANET project, precursor to the Internet, was approved in April 1969 the same month that Bell pulled out of the Multics project and ultimately began the development of Unix; throughout the history of the Internet, many of the connected hosts have been Unix systems). Control of Unix passed through several parties. Eventually, control of the trademark name Unix was given to The Open Group, and any software that was certified to pass an extensive series of tests could legally be called Unix. (Control of the Unix source code and licensing rights was passed to Novell; then and this is under dispute to The Santa Cruz Operation, then to Caldera Systems, which was later renamed The SCO Group). 4. Linux and GNU Although Unix source code was widely distributed at low cost to educational institutions, it was still controlled by AT&T and was therefore never completelyfree (cost) nor free (unrestricted freedom to modify and use it). Richard Stallman published the GNU Manifesto in 1984, which described the need for Free Software ( Free in the sense of free speech, not free beer ). The resultant GNU project developed free, open source replacements for most of the Unix programs, but not for the Unix kernel (the core program that interacted with and controlled the hardware). These programs were released under the Gnu General Public License (GPL), which permits anyone to copy, use, and modify the software, as long as these rights are preserved for anyone receiving a subsequent copy of the software. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer programmer, released the Linux kernel, eventually placing it under the GPL. The Linux kernel, GNU software, and some other components can be combined into a powerful, Unix like operating system (it can t technically be called Unix, because it has never been certified to be Unix, but virtually everyone in the industry regards it as such). The combined GNU and Linux system is called GNU/Linux by some but just Linux by others
3 (much to the dismay of Richard Stallman, who feels that the simple name Linux downplays the tremendous contribution made by the GNU Project). 5. The Unix Philosophy Unix clearly has its own philosophy, but the expression of that philosophy has taken many different forms ( Much of the Unix Philosophy also applied to other Open Source/Free Software projects as well. The key tenet of Unix is often summed up as Do one thing, do it well, which is closely related to KISS ( Keep it Simple, Stupid! ). Many Unix programs are small building blocks which do one particular thing. Because they are simple, they can be thoroughly tested, and therefore tend to be reliable. These building blocks can then be combined to build solutions to particular problems. Even complex systems such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are built in layers, with each layer performing a defined set of operations well; the layers can be mixed and matched to present different types of user interfaces for different situations (desktop computers, mobile phones, automated tellers, gas pumps). Unix programmers and administrators also tend to prefer tools that to borrow a slogan from Nike Just Do It. For example, the Unix file management commands will in most cases do whatever you tell them to do without further confirmation, even when that means wiping out critical files, because the program designers assume that the user is competent and knows what they are doing. Likewise, no confirmation messages are usually printed when a command is successful only error messages are printed when a command fails. Portability is also highly valued among Unix users. A program which is slightly less efficient but will work on a variety of computers is considered to be superior to a more efficient program which only works on one type of system. Human readable data which can be manipulated by many different programs is considered superior to binary data which can only be read by one specific program. Therefore, most Unix system configuration is done in text files instead of a binary registry (as is used on other systems including Windows), and open source programs such as OpenOffice.org use documented, standardized file formats instead of proprietary formats used by competing products such as WordPefect or Microsoft Office. 6. Using Unix/Linux at Seneca Throughout your program you will use a variety of Unix/Linux systems. In this course you will primarily use the Matrix system. Matrix is actually a cluster of computers, as shown in this diagram:
4 Note that the workstations in the lab form part of the Matrix group. When you boot (start up) a PC in a Seneca lab, you are given the choice of starting Windows or starting Linux. If you choose Linux, your PC will join the Matrix cluster, and you will have direct access to your files, the Matrix printers, the database server, and so forth. You can also connect to Matrix from a Windows system within the Seneca network, or from outside Seneca via the Internet. Another system used in this course is Phobos a cluster of two IBM RS/6000 systems running AIX (IBM s version of Unix). This enables you to experiment with a different version of Unix. 7. Matrix and Phobos Accounts To access Matrix: 1. Obtain your One Card (student ID card) from the One Card office (near the cafeteria on the north side of the first floor of the SEQ building). 2. When you obtain your One Card, you will receive a printed page containing your user name and password. 3. Follow the instructions on that paper to set your Learn (e mail) password. This will also be your Matrix password. 4. Turn on a PC in the lab, and select Matrix as your boot option. When the Matrix system has fully started up, enter your user name and password. or Connect to Matrix from any computer connected to Seneca s network or the Internet using a
5 telnet or ssh program. For example, at the command prompt of a Windows or Linux system, type this command, then enter your username and password when prompted: telnet matrix.senecac.on.ca To access Phobos (do this after accessing Matrix): 1. Check your Learn e mail for your Phobos password. 1. Using a web browser, go to 2. Enter your user name and password when prompted. 3. Look for and read the message announcing your Phobos password. 2. Connect to Phobos from any computer connected to Seneca s network or the Internet using a telnet or ssh program. For example, at the command prompt of a Windows or Linux system, type this command, then enter your username and password when prompted: telnet phobos.senecac.on.ca Tip: When you are on site at Seneca, you can leave senecac.on.ca out of network host names. These commands are equivalent: telnet phobos telnet phobos.senecac.on.ca However, when you are outside the Seneca network, you will need to use the longer second form.
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ULI101 Week 01 Week Overview Course introduction Obtaining your Seneca accounts Changing passwords The Matrix server The role of an operating system *nix overview Open source philosophy Linux GUI The terminal
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