CONTENTS. Computer-System Structures

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Aldous Shepherd
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1 CONTENTS PART ONE OVERVIEW Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is an Operating System? Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batched Systems Time-Sharing Systems Personal-Computer Systems Parallel Systems Distributed Systems Real-Time Systems Summary 19 Exercises 20 Bibliographical Notes 21 Chapter 2 Computer-System Structures 2.1 Computer-System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture Summary 45 Exercises 45 Bibliographical Notes 47 xi

2 xii Contents Chapter 3 Operating-System Structures 3.1 System Components Operating-System Services System Calls System Programs System Structure Virtual Machines System Design and Implementation System Generation Summary 83 Exercises 83 Bibliographical Notes 84 PART TWO PROCESS MANAGEMENT Chapter 4 Processes 4.1 Process Concept Process Scheduling Operation on Processes Cooperating Processes Threads Interprocess Communication Summary 119 Exercises 120 Bibliographical Notes 121 Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 5.1 Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Multiple-Processor Scheduling Real-Time Scheduling Algorithm Evaluation Summary 149 Exercises 150 Bibliographical Notes 152 Chapter 6 Process Synchronization 6.1 Background The Critical-Section Problem Synchronization Hardware Semaphores Classical Problems of Synchronization Critical Regions Monitors Synchronization in Solaris Atomic Transactions Summary 199 Exercises 200 Bibliographical Notes 204

3 Contents xiii Chapter 7 Deadlocks 7.1 System Model Deadlock Characterization Methods for Handling Deadlocks Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock Detection Recovery from Deadlock Combined Approach to Deadlock Handling Summary 230 Exercises 231 Bibliographical Notes 235 PART THREE STORAGE MANAGEMENT Chapter 8 Memory Management 8.1 Background Logical versus Physical Address Space Swapping Contiguous Allocation Paging Segmentation Segmentation with Paging Summary 282 Exercises 284 Bibliographical Notes 287 Chapter 9 Virtual Memory 9.1 Background Demand Paging Performance of Demand Paging Page Replacement Page-Replacement Algorithms Allocation of Frames Thrashing Other Considerations Demand Segmentation Summary 329 Exercises 331 Bibliographical Notes 335 Chapter File Concept Access Methods Directory Structure Protection 360 File-System Interface 10.5 Consistency Semantics Summary 365 Exercises 366 Bibliographical Notes 368

4 xiv Contents Chapter 11 File-System Implementation 11.1 File-System Structure Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Directory Implementation Efficiency and Performance Recovery Summary 391 Exercises 392 Bibliographical Notes 393 PART FOUR I/O SYSTEMS Chapter 12 I/O Systems 12.1 Overview I/O Hardware Application I/O Interface Kernel I/O Subsystem Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations Performance Summary 427 Exercises 428 Bibliographical Notes 429 Chapter 13 Secondary-Storage Structure 13.1 Disk Structure Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management Disk Reliability Stable-Storage Implementation Summary 447 Exercises 447 Bibliographical Notes 452 Chapter Tertiary-Storage Devices Operating-System Jobs Performance Issues 461 Tertiary-Storage Structure 14.4 Summary 466 Exercises 466 Bibliographical Notes 469

5 Contents xv PART FIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Chapter Background Motivation Topology Network Types Communication 484 Network Structures 15.6 Design Strategies Networking Example Summary 497 Exercises 498 Bibliographical Notes 499 Chapter 16 Distributed System Structures 16.1 Network Operating Systems Distributed Operating Systems Remote Services Robustness Design Issues Summary 515 Exercises 516 Bibliographical Notes 516 Chapter 17 Distributed File Systems 17.1 Background Naming and Transparency Remote File Access Stateful versus Stateless Service File Replication Example Systems Summary 559 Exercises 560 Bibliographical Notes 561 Chapter Event Ordering Mutual Exclusion Atomicity Concurrency Control Deadlock Handling 578 Distributed Coordination 18.6 Election Algorithms Reaching Agreement Summary 591 Exercises 592 Bibliographical Notes 593

6 xvi Contents PART SIX PROTECTION AND SECURITY Chapter 19 Protection 19.1 Goals of Protection Domain of Protection Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Revocation of Access Rights Capability-Based Systems Language-Based Protection Summary 620 Exercises 620 Bibliographical Notes 621 Chapter 20 Security 20.1 The Security Problem Authentication One-Time Passwords Program Threats System Threats Threat Monitoring Encryption Computer-Security Classifications An Example Security Model: Windows NT Summary 642 Exercises 643 Bibliographical Notes 644 PART SEVEN CASE STUDIES Chapter 21 The UNIX System 21.1 History Design Principles Programmer Interface User Interface Process Management Memory Management File System I/O System Interprocess Communication Summary 692 Exercises 693 Bibliographical Notes 694 Chapter 22 The Linux System 22.1 History Design Principles Kernel Modules Process Management Scheduling Memory Management File Systems Input and Output Interprocess Communication Network Structure Security Summary 741 Exercises 742 Bibliographical Notes 743

7 Contents xvii Chapter 23 Windows NT 23.1 History Design Principles System Components Environmental Subsystems File System Networking Programmer Interface Summary 786 Exercises 786 Bibliographical Notes 787 Chapter Early Systems Atlas XDS THE RC Historical Perspective 24.6 CTSS MULTICS OS/ Mach Other Systems 803 Bibliography 805 Credits 839 Index 841

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do 3 1.2 Computer-System Organization 6 1.3 Computer-System Architecture 12 1.4 Operating-System Structure 15 1.5 Operating-System Operations