Securely backing up GPG private keys... to the cloud. Joey Hess LibrePlanet 2017
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1 Securely backing up GPG private keys... to the cloud Joey Hess LibrePlanet 2017
2 Imagine if everyone used GPG
3 In a world where everyone has a GPG key...
4 In a world where everyone has a GPG key... Everyone has a key backup problem.
5 GPG key backup methods Print out GPG key paperkey(1) Hard to back up Hard to restore Backup $HOME to encrypted cloud storage obnam(1) / attic(1) Encrypted using what key? Backup $HOME to cloud storage GPG passphrases easily cracked Shard and store on USB drives, etc, scattered here and there Not automated
6 GPG key backup methods Don t back up GPG key Common approach
7 GPG key backup methods Don t back up GPG key Common approach
8 keysafe GPG key backup to cloud servers Securely Easily
9 keysafe backup (1/4)
10 keysafe backup (2/4)
11 keysafe backup (3/4)
12 keysafe backup (3/4)
13 keysafe backup (4/4)
14 keysafe restore (1/4)
15 keysafe restore (2/4)
16 keysafe restore (3/4)
17 keysafe restore (4/4) Wait 25 minutes to 1 hour for decryption...
18 keysafe s building blocks argon2 Shamir Secret Sharing AES The Cloud Tor zxcvbn
19 argon2 Password hash Password Hashing Competition winner (2015) Tunable difficulty Iterations Memory use Threads Memory-Hard GPU and ASIC cracking resistance
20 Shamir Secret Sharing Boring 70 s technology Also completely awesome secret share share share secret
21 From secret to storable objects AES key secret + checksum + size AES pad to multiple of 32 kb encrypted data chunk chunk (chunks are 32 kb) Shamir Shamir (share numbers omitted) share share share share share share
22 From objects to secret AES key secret + checksum AES unpad encrypted data chunk chunk Shamir Shamir share share share share
23 AES key generation Password Name Other name 1 random byte salt argon2 12 seconds AES key
24 AES key recovery Password Name Other name 0-255? salt argon2 25 minutes (average) AES key
25 Password cracking cost 50 minutes work per guess to generate all 256 possible AES keys Weak password (30 entropy) CPU-years Bad password (19 entropy) 25 CPU-years
26 Layered defenses A. Password B. Object IDs C. Keysafe servers
27 Keysafe servers Store only fixed size objects (no large data) Store an object by ID Retrieve object by ID No object ID enumeration Self-tuning proof of work to access Accessible only via Tor
28 Keysafe servers Other server requirements and best practices (warrant canary) As long as 2 of 3 keysafe servers are uncompromised, no mass password cracking. Best hosted by well-known, broadly trusted organizations.
29 Object ID generation Name Other name Keyid combined name salt argon2 10 minutes base ID +1 sha256 ID1 +2 sha256 ID2 +3 sha256 ID3
30 Object IDs Attacker needs object IDs to download objects from servers Each name guess takes 10 minutes CPU time to calculate object IDs Two colluding servers can perform a correlation attack to find related object IDs Servers don t record timestamps, or keep logs, to prevent correlation attacks after the fact
31 Current status keysafe client and server implementation in Haskell (3600 LoC) In Debian (experimental) Needs more design and implementation security review Three keysafe servers 1) Purism 2) Faelix 3) Mine at Digital Ocean More servers needed
32 Is keysafe safe enough?
33 Human Limitations Then it constructed a signature for the new citizen two unique megadigit numbers, one private, one public and embedded them in the orphan s cypherclerk, a small structure which had lain dormant, waiting for these keys. Greg Egan, Diaspora
34 keysafe Thanks
35 Bonus: Option for the more paranoid Generate 6 shares, with 4 shares needed to recover GPG key Store 3 on keysafe servers Store 3 locally 1 local share + 3 from servers 3 local shares + 1 from server 64kb share can be stored locally in a variety of hard to detect ways End of partition Stenanography
36 Bonus: Future proofing keysafe Decisions, decisions argon2 tuned to take 12 seconds on modern hardware argon2 tuned to take 10 minutes on modern hardware Shamir with 2 of 3 shares 1 byte random salt AES 256 CBC May need to change in future in a new version Version number metadata would allow partitioning shards Solution: Varry object ID generation argon2 memory use parameter depending on version
Securely backing up GPG private keys
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