CS 450 Operating System Week 4 Lecture Notes
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1 CS 450 Operating System Week 4 Lecture Notes Reading: Operating System Concepts (7 th Edition) - Silberschatz, Galvin, Gagne Chapter 5 - Pages Objectives: 1. Explain the main Objective of Threads and their different types. 2. Define Thread and its benefits. 3. Understand different Multilevel Models and their functions 4. Describes how issues are handled in Operating System 5. Discuss the function of Pthreads, Windows2000 threads, Linux threads and Java threads. Concepts: 1. Threads 2. Multithreading models 3. Threads issue and Pthreads 4. Windows 2000, Java and Linux Threads Outline: 1. Overview Threads 2. Benefits 3. User Threads 4. Kernel Threads 5. Multithreading Models 6. Threading Issues 7. Pthreads 8. Windows 2000 Threads 9. Linux Threads 10. Java Threads References: CS450 Week 4 - Page1
2 CS450: Week 4- Lecture Notes 1. Overview Threads a. A process can have a number of threads b. Each thread is a different stream of control that can execute its instructions independent of another thread thus allowing a multithreaded process to execute numerous tasks concurrently. c. A thread has a life cycle 9 different states that it can be at) d. It can be started (put into a ready queue) e. It can be runnable (its code being executed by the CPU) f. It can go into a wait state (from runnable) and then returned to ready sate g. It can go to sleep (from runnable) for a specified time duration and then returned to ready state. h. It can die because its code finished execution 2. Benefits a. Responsiveness b. Resource Sharing c. Economy d. Utilization of MP Architectures 3. User Threads a. Thread management done by user-level threads library b. Examples i. POSIX Pthreads ii. Mach C-threads iii. Solaris threads 4. Kernel Threads a. Supported by the Kernel b. Examples i. Windows 95/98/NT/2000 ii. Solaris iii. Tru64 UNIX CS450 Week 4 - Page2
3 iv. BeOS v. Linux 5. Multithreading Models a. Many-to-One i. Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread. ii. Used on systems that does not support kernel threads. b. One-to-One i. Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread. ii. Examples Windows 95/98/NT/2000 OS/2 c. Many-to-Many i. Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads. ii. Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads. iii. Solaris 2 iv. Windows NT/2000 with the Thread Fiber package d. Two-level Model i. Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread ii. Examples IRIX HP-UX Tru64 UNIX Solaris 8 and earlier 6. Threading Issues a. Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls. i. Does fork() duplicate only the calling thread or all threads? b. Thread cancellation. i. Terminating a thread before it has finished CS450 Week 4 - Page3
4 ii. Two general approaches: Asynchronous cancellation terminates the target thread immediately Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to periodically check if it should be cancelled. c. Signal handling i. Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that a particular event has occurred ii. A signal handler is used to process signals Signal is generated by particular event Signal is delivered to a process Signal is handled iii. Options: Deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies Deliver the signal to every thread in the process Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process Assign a specific thread to receive all signals for the process d. Thread pools i. Create a number of threads in a pool where they await work ii. Advantages: Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing thread than create a new thread Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be bound to the size of the pool e. Thread specific data i. Allows each thread to have its own copy of data ii. Useful when you do not have control over the thread creation process (i.e., when using a thread pool) 7. Pthreads CS450 Week 4 - Page4
5 a. A POSIX standard (IEEE c) API for thread creation and synchronization. b. API specifies behavior of the thread library; implementation is up to development of the library. c. Common in UNIX operating systems. 8. Windows 2000 Threads a. Implements the one-to-one mapping. b. Each thread contains i. a thread id ii. register set iii. separate user and kernel stacks iv. private data storage area c. The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known as the context of the threads d. The primary data structures of a thread include: i. ETHREAD (executive thread block) ii. KTHREAD (kernel thread block) iii. TEB (thread environment block) 9. Linux Threads a. Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads. b. Thread creation is done through clone () system call. c. Clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process) 10. Java Threads a. Java threads may be created by: i. Extending Thread class ii. Implementing the Runnable interface b. Java threads are managed by the JVM. CS450 Week 4 - Page5
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