Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

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1 PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Operating-System Operations Process Management Memory Management Storage Management 25 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures 2.1 Operating-System Services User Operating-System Interface System Calls Types of System Calls System Programs Operating-System Design and Implementation Operating-System Structure Protection and Security Distributed Systems Special-Purpose Systems Computing Environments Open-Source Operating Systems Summary 40 Exercises 42 Bibliographical Notes Virtual Machines Operating-System Debugging Operating-System Generation System Boot Summary 90 Exercises 91 Bibliographical Notes 98 PART TWO Chapter 3 Processes 3.1 Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations on Processes Interprocess Communication Examples of IPC Systems 123 PROCESS MANAGEMENT 3.6 Communication in Client Server Systems Summary 140 Exercises 141 Bibliographical Notes 152 xvii

2 xviii Chapter 4 Threads 4.1 Overview Multithreading Models Thread Libraries Threading Issues Operating-System Examples Summary 174 Exercises 174 Bibliographical Notes 182 Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 5.1 Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Thread Scheduling Multiple-Processor Scheduling Operating System Examples Algorithm Evaluation Summary 217 Exercises 218 Bibliographical Notes 223 Chapter 6 Process Synchronization 6.1 Background The Critical-Section Problem Peterson s Solution Synchronization Hardware Semaphores Classic Problems of Synchronization Monitors Synchronization Examples Atomic Transactions Summary 267 Exercises 267 Bibliographical Notes 280 Chapter 7 Deadlocks 7.1 System Model Deadlock Characterization Methods for Handling Deadlocks Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock Detection Recovery from Deadlock Summary 306 Exercises 307 Bibliographical Notes 311 PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT Chapter 8 Main Memory 8.1 Background Swapping Contiguous Memory Allocation Paging Structure of the Page Table Segmentation Example: The Intel Pentium Summary 349 Exercises 350 Bibliographical Notes 354

3 xix Chapter 9 Virtual Memory 9.1 Background Demand Paging Copy-on-Write Page Replacement Allocation of Frames Thrashing Memory-Mapped Files Allocating Kernel Memory Other Considerations Operating-System Examples Summary 407 Exercises 409 Bibliographical Notes 417 PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT Chapter 10 File-System Interface 10.1 File Concept Access Methods Directory and Disk Structure File-System Mounting File Sharing Protection Summary 456 Exercises 457 Bibliographical Notes 459 Chapter 11 File-System Implementation 11.1 File-System Structure File-System Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Efficiency and Performance Recovery NFS Example: The WAFL File System Summary 498 Exercises 499 Bibliographical Notes 502 Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure 12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Stable-Storage Implementation Tertiary-Storage Structure Summary 543 Exercises 545 Bibliographical Notes 552 Chapter 13 I/O Systems 13.1 Overview I/O Hardware Application I/O Interface Kernel I/O Subsystem Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations STREAMS Performance Summary 585 Exercises 586 Bibliographical Notes 588

4 xx PART FIVE Chapter 14 Protection 14.1 Goals of Protection Principles of Protection Domain of Protection Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Access Control 605 PROTECTION AND SECURITY 14.7 Revocation of Access Rights Capability-Based Systems Language-Based Protection Summary 615 Exercises 616 Bibliographical Notes 618 Chapter 15 Security 15.1 The Security Problem Program Threats System and Network Threats Cryptography as a Security Tool User Authentication Implementing Security Defenses Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks Computer-Security Classifications An Example: Windows XP Summary 665 Exercises 666 Bibliographical Notes 668 PART SIX Chapter 16 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Distributed System Structures 16.1 Motivation Types of Networkbased Operating Systems Network Structure Network Topology Communication Structure Communication Protocols 690 Chapter 17 Distributed File Systems 17.1 Background Naming and Transparency Remote File Access Stateful Versus Stateless Service File Replication 716 Chapter Event Ordering Mutual Exclusion Atomicity Concurrency Control Deadlock Handling 740 Distributed Coordination 16.7 Robustness Design Issues An Example: Networking Summary 701 Exercises 701 Bibliographical Notes An Example: AFS Summary 723 Exercises 724 Bibliographical Notes Election Algorithms Reaching Agreement Summary 752 Exercises 753 Bibliographical Notes 755

5 PART SEVEN Chapter 19 Real-Time Systems 19.1 Overview System Characteristics Features of Real-Time Kernels Implementing Real-Time Operating Systems 764 SPECIAL -PURPOSE SYSTEMS 19.5 Real-Time CPU Scheduling An Example: VxWorks 5.x Summary 776 Exercises 777 Bibliographical Notes 778 xxi Chapter 20 Multimedia Systems 20.1 What Is Multimedia? Compression Requirements of Multimedia Kernels CPU Scheduling Disk Scheduling Network Management An Example: CineBlitz Summary 795 Exercises 795 Bibliographical Notes 797 PART EIGHT Chapter 21 The Linux System 21.1 Linux History Design Principles Kernel Modules Process Management Scheduling Memory Management File Systems 828 CASE STUDIES 21.8 Input and Output Interprocess Communication Network Structure Security Summary 843 Exercises 844 Bibliographical Notes 845 Chapter 22 Windows XP 22.1 History Design Principles System Components Environmental Subsystems File System Networking Programmer Interface Summary 900 Exercises 900 Bibliographical Notes 901 Chapter Feature Migration Early Systems Atlas XDS THE RC CTSS MULTICS 915 Influential Operating Systems 23.9 IBM OS/ TOPS CP/M and MS/DOS Macintosh Operating System and Windows Mach Other Systems 920 Exercises 921

6 xxii PART NINE APPENDICES Appendix A A.1 UNIX History A1 A.2 Design Principles A6 A.3 Programmer Interface A8 A.4 User Interface A15 A.5 Process Management A18 A.6 Memory Management A22 BSD UNIX (contents online) A.7 File System A24 A.8 I/O System A32 A.9 Interprocess Communication A35 A.10 Summary A40 Exercises A41 Bibliographical Notes A42 Appendix B The Mach System (contents online) B.1 History of the Mach System B1 B.2 Design Principles B3 B.3 System Components B4 B.4 Process Management B7 B.5 Interprocess Communication B13 B.6 Memory Management B18 B.7 Programmer Interface B23 B.8 Summary B24 Exercises B25 Bibliographical Notes B26 Appendix C C.1 History C1 C.2 Design Principles C2 C.3 System Components C3 C.4 Environmental Subsystems C19 C.5 File System C21 Windows 2000 (contents online) C.6 Networking C28 C.7 Programmer Interface C33 C.8 Summary C40 Exercises C40 Bibliographical Notes C41 Bibliography 923 Credits 955 Index 957

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do 3 1.2 Computer-System Organization 6 1.3 Computer-System Architecture 12 1.4 Operating-System Structure 15 1.5 Operating-System Operations