Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

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1 PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Operating-System Operations Process Management Memory Management Storage Management 22 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures 2.1 Operating-System Services User Operating-System Interface System Calls Types of System Calls System Programs Operating-System Design and Implementation Operating-System Structure Protection and Security Distributed Systems Special-Purpose Systems Computing Environments Summary 34 Exercises 36 Bibliographical Notes Virtual Machines Java Operating-System Generation System Boot Summary 75 Exercises 76 Bibliographical Notes 81 PART TWO Chapter 3 Processes 3.1 Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations on Processes Interprocess Communication Examples of IPC Systems 110 PROCESS MANAGEMENT 3.6 Communication in Client- Server Systems Summary 124 Exercises 125 Bibliographical Notes 130 xvii

2 xviii Chapter 4 Threads 4.1 Overview Multithreading Models Thread Libraries Java Threads Threading Issues Operating-System Examples Summary 159 Exercises 159 Bibliographical Notes 165 Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 5.1 Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Multiple-Processor Scheduling Thread Scheduling Operating System Examples Java Scheduling Algorithm Evaluation Summary 203 Exercises 204 Bibliographical Notes 207 Chapter 6 Process Synchronization 6.1 Background The Critical-Section Problem Peterson s Solution Synchronization Hardware Semaphores Classic Problems of Synchronization Monitors Java Synchronization Synchronization Examples Atomic Transactions Summary 263 Exercises 264 Bibliographical Notes 271 Chapter 7 Deadlocks 7.1 System Model Deadlock Characterization Methods for Handling Deadlocks Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock Detection Recovery from Deadlock Summary 298 Exercises 299 Bibliographical Notes 303 PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT Chapter 8 Main Memory 8.1 Background Swapping Contiguous Memory Allocation Paging Structure of the Page Table Segmentation Example: The Intel Pentium Summary 341 Exercises 342 Bibliographical Notes 344

3 xix Chapter 9 Virtual Memory 9.1 Background Demand Paging Copy-on-Write Page Replacement Allocation of Frames Thrashing Memory-Mapped Files Allocating Kernel Memory Other Considerations Operating-System Examples Summary 396 Exercises 397 Bibliographical Notes 401 PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT Chapter 10 File-System Interface 10.1 The Concept of a File Access Methods Directory Structure File-System Mounting File Sharing 429 Chapter 11 File-System Implementation 11.1 File-System Structure File-System Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Efficiency and Performance Recovery 467 Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure 12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management Protection Summary 439 Exercises 440 Bibliographical Notes Log-Structured File Systems NFS Example: The WAFL File System Summary 478 Exercises 479 Bibliographical Notes RAID Structure Stable-Storage Implementation Tertiary-Storage Structure Summary 526 Exercises 527 Bibliographical Notes 533 Chapter 13 I/O Systems 13.1 Overview I/O Hardware Application I/O Interface Kernel I/O Subsystem Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations STREAMS Performance Summary 565 Exercises 566 Bibliographical Notes 567

4 xx PART FIVE Chapter 14 Protection 14.1 Goals of Protection Principles of Protection Domain of Protection Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Access Control 585 PROTECTION AND SECURITY 14.7 Revocation of Access Rights Capability-Based Systems Language-Based Protection Summary 595 Exercises 596 Bibliographical Notes 597 Chapter 15 Security 15.1 The Security Problem Program Threats System and Network Threats Cryptography as a Security Tool User Authentication Implementing Security Defenses Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks Computer-Security Classifications An Example: Windows XP Summary 644 Exercises 645 Bibliographical Notes 646 PART SIX Chapter 16 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Distributed System Structures 16.1 Motivation Types of Network- based Operating Systems Network Structure Network Topology Communication Structure Communication Protocols 668 Chapter 17 Distributed File Systems 17.1 Background Naming and Transparency Remote File Access Stateful Versus Stateless Service File Replication 696 Chapter Event Ordering Mutual Exclusion Atomicity Concurrency Control Deadlock Handling 720 Distributed Coordination 16.7 Robustness Design Issues An Example: Networking Summary 677 Exercises 678 Bibliographical Notes An Example: AFS Summary 703 Exercises 704 Bibliographical Notes Election Algorithms Reaching Agreement Summary 732 Exercises 733 Bibliographical Notes 734

5 PART SEVEN SPECIAL -PURPOSE SYSTEMS xxi Chapter 19 Real-Time Systems 19.1 Overview System Characteristics Features of Real-Time Kernels Implementing Real-Time Operating Systems Real-Time CPU Scheduling VxWorks 5.x Summary 756 Exercises 757 Bibliographical Notes 757 Chapter 20 Multimedia Systems 20.1 What Is Multimedia? Compression Requirements of Multimedia Kernels CPU Scheduling Disk Scheduling Network Management An Example: CineBlitz Summary 774 Exercises 775 Bibliographical Notes 777 PART EIGHT CASE STUDIES Chapter 21 The Linux System 21.1 Linux History Design Principles Kernel Modules Process Management Scheduling Memory Management File Systems Input and Output Interprocess Communication Network Structure Security Summary 823 Exercises 824 Bibliographical Notes 825 Chapter 22 Windows XP 22.1 History Design Principles System Components Environmental Subsystems File System Networking Programmer Interface Summary 880 Exercises 880 Bibliographical Notes 881 Chapter Early Systems Atlas XDS THE RC CTSS 893 Influential Operating Systems 23.7 MULTICS IBM OS/ Mach Other Systems 897 Exercises 897

6 xxii PART EIGHT APPENDICES Appendix A A.1 UNIX History 899 A.2 Design Principles 904 A.3 Programmer Interface 906 A.4 User Interface 913 A.5 Process Management 916 A.6 Memory Management 920 BSD UNIX (contents online) A.7 File System 922 A.8 I/O System 930 A.9 Interprocess Communication 933 A.10 Summary 938 Exercises 939 Bibliographical Notes 940 Appendix B B.1 History of the Mach System 941 B.2 Design Principles 943 B.3 System Components 944 B.4 Process Management 947 B.5 Interprocess Communication 953 B.6 Memory Management 958 The Mach System (contents online) B.7 Programmer Interface 963 B.8 Summary 964 Exercises 965 Bibliographical Notes 966 Credits 967 Appendix C C.1 History 969 C.2 Design Principles 970 C.3 System Components 971 C.4 Environmental Subsystems 987 C.5 File System 989 Windows 2000 (contents online) C.6 Networking 996 C.7 Programmer Interface 1001 C.8 Summary 1008 Exercises 1008 Bibliographical Notes 1009 Appendix D D.1 Sockets 1011 D.2 UDP Sockets 1018 D.3 Remote Method Invocation 1022 D.4 Other Aspects of Distributed Communication 1027 Appendix E Distributed Communication (contents online) Java Primer (contents online) E.1 Basics 1037 E.2 Inheritance 1046 E.3 Interfaces and Abstract Classes 1048 E.4 Exception Handling 1052 D.5 Web Services 1029 D.6 Summary 1033 Exercises 1034 Bibliographical Notes 1035 E.5 Applications and Applets 1053 E.6 Summary 1055 Bibliographical Notes 1055 Bibliography 899 Credits 929 Index 929

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