Elementary Computing CSC 100. M. Cheng, Computer Science

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1 Elementary Computing CSC 100 1

2 Software Applications Application Software Personal Computing Text and Graphics based Computing Examples of Applications Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Graphics and Database Search Engine and Semantic Web 2

3 Outcomes Early computer applications were mostly processing data for banks, payrolls, scientific calculations. With personal computers, we entered a new era of interactive computing, where applications are more graphics intensive. WWW introduced information at your finger- tip and Web- based applications. 3

4 Study Guide What is application software? What are typical mainframe software applications? What are typical software applications for personal computers? What are the early text- based and graphics- based applications? 4

5 Study Guide What is Human Computer Interface (HCI)? What hardware technologies are driving our personal computer applications? What is cloud computing? What are file formats, file types/extensions? What are spreadsheets and databases? What is a search engine? And semantic web? 5

6 Without software applications, a computer is not a useful tool. 6

7 If a computer is the body, then the software is the soul. 7

8 Early Mainframe Applications 8

9 Early Computer Room 9

10 Early Interactive Computing XEROX invented the mouse and graphical user interface (GUI). It introduced a personal workstation (precursor to personal computer) for office applications. With a laser printer, WYSIWYG computing is a reality. 10

11 XEROX Alto Workstation 11

12 Early Personal Computing Personal computing in early 80s is mostly text- based, no mouse and no graphics. Early microprocessors were too slow; the display technology was mostly monochrome and cannot do graphics. Apple Macintosh was the first personal computer that uses a mouse and a graphical display. 12

13 Human Computer Interface have gone from keyboard- based to mouse- based, now to touch- based. 13

14 Software applications have evolved from mostly text- based to graphics- based. 14

15 Early Applications on PC Spreadsheets (e.g., VisiCalc, Lotus- 123) Draw and Paint (e.g., MacPaint, MacDraw) Word processing (e.g., Apple Works) Simple text- based or low- quality graphics- based games 15

16 Apple II User Interface 16

17 VisiCalc : First Killer App 17

18 Early Microsoft Word 18

19 GUI of Apple Macintosh 19

20 20

21 Business Applications on PC Accounting Database Payroll & Taxes Cashier Registers Inventory 21

22 22

23 Engineering Applications on PC Computer- Aided Design Medical Imaging Project & Budget Management Automation & Manufacturing Data Analysis and Visualization 23

24 24

25 Applications on Today s PC Digital Media Player and Editor Desktop and Web Publishing Gaming Entertainment Instant Messaging Online Shopping TV, News & Magazines 25

26 26

27 M. Cheng, Computer Science 27

28 Faster microprocessors, high definition color displays and high speed network changed the way we use our computers today. 28

29 With WWW, smartphones and tablets, we are entering a new era of mobile computing. 29

30 30

31 31

32 As long as we are connected to the network, we can do almost anything with a tablet or laptop. 32

33 ipad Chromebook 33

34 34

35 Examples of Cloud Services All Google services, including gmail, calendar, youtube, etc. Apple s icloud services, iworks, etc. Microsoft s Office365, Google Doc Dropbox, GoogleDrive, Microsoft SkyDrive 35

36 Cloud computing is about storing and processing all your personal data somewhere in the network. 36

37 Network is the computer. SUN MicroSystems 37

38 What does a typical software application do? 38

39 Typical Software Applications Read some input data, do some processing on that data, then write some output data. Typically, the data are stored or represented in some application- specific format. Some formats are standard (i.e., open); some are proprietary. Here is a list. 39

40 Common File Formats and Types Text is a common plain- text file format. It usually use.txt as the file type. HTML is another plain- text file format. It typically uses.htm,.html,.xhtml file types. JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP are common image format, with file types.jpg,.gif,.png,.bmp. 40

41 File Types and Applications Operating Systems (e.g., OS X, Windows) use file types (i.e., file extensions) to associate with the applications. There may be multiple applications that can read/write the same file format. A user can choose which application is the default one. 41

42 Windows 7 File Types 42

43 Apple OS X File Types 43

44 How to turn on File Extensions in Windows 7? 44

45 How to turn on File Extensions on OS X? 45

46 What is a Spreadsheet? A spreadsheet consists of rows and columns of cells. A cell may contain a value (a number or some text) or a formula. A formula defines a relationship between the current cell and other cells. 46

47 An Example Spreadsheet 47

48 Values, Addresses and Formulas Column addresses Row addresses Formulae 48

49 Automatic Re- calculations 49

50 Charting 50

51 Benefits of Spreadsheets They are easy to learn. No pencil or paper! They are visual, What You See Is What I Mean. Once formulae are set up correctly, calculations are automatic and instant. 51

52 What is a Database? A database is a structured collection of record of data. Each record represents an item, an individual, or an entity of interest. All records have common attributes, e.g., age, sex, name, id#, address, etc. 52

53 An Example of a Database Each row is a record 53

54 Data Entry into a Database 54

55 Why use a Database? A database is not a spreadsheet. It has rows and columns, but it doesn t have the concept of cell address or formula. It is primarily used for maintaining a very large collection of similar (structured) records. We can sort, search, select a subset of records of interests. 55

56 Database in the Real World Many government organizations, banks, universities, etc., use databases heavily to maintain a record of their assets and members. The data must be structured, with well- defined attributes. For unstructured data (i.e., no fixed format), we will need a search engine such as Google. 56

57 itunes is a Database of Songs 57

58 Songs & Albums 58

59 Smart Playlist & Search 59

60 The Dawn of WWW Netscape was the first widely browser. Hundreds of thousands of websites were created, but nobody knows! Yahoo! started a portal that organizes websites for visitors. Webcrawler, Lycos, Excite, and Infoseek are some of the early search engines on the WWW. 60

61 Search Engines WWW is built around HTML (text), images and videos. A search engine collects all text inside HTML pages and looks for phrases which a user is interested. When it finds something relevant, it displays the URLs (hyperlinks) to the search results. 61

62 Domination of Google Early search engine s results are not very good. Most search results are irrelevant. A user must sift through the results to look for something relevant. In 2000, Google announced their PageRank algorithm, which changes the way how a search engine works. 62

63 PageRank Algorithm The more a webpage is being linked to, the higher M. Cheng, Computer its Science ranking. 63

64 A Semantic Web Current search engines are based on search phrases or keywords. The search engine doesn t understand the meanings of the search phrases. For example, What is the Gross Domestic Product of Canada? 64

65 A Computational Knowledge Engine 65

66 Questions to Try in WolframAlpha gene 3rd largest country in Europe China GDP of Canada / China birth rate of Japan Apple... 66

67 The End. 67

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