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1 doi> Digital Object Identifier Charles Ellis: Chairman, International DOI Foundation Norman Paskin: Director, International DOI Foundation Steve Stone: Director, Microsoft ebook Product Group Eric Swanson: Chairman, CrossRef

2 Outline Background: why DOI What the DOI system consists of DOI explained: what it does Applications 2

3 Background: why now? Identifiers enable us to manage content Physical world: ISBN, ISSN, ISMN, SICI, etc good systems for publishers Digital world:? URL? poor systems for publishers how to use existing identifier systems? Make WWW transactions as invisible as telephone transactions machine to machine, not machine to people to machine 3

4 The intellectual property background Digital world enables both use and misuse Publishers aim is to maximise value of information objects: - reduce copy infringement and - increase accessibility; - we need to identify in order to manage content Mass production mass customisation - a la carte/ on demand publishing - components must be clearly identifiable - and rights properties of them automated 4

5 Background: the organisation International DOI Foundation: founded 1998 following demonstration of prototype in 1997 Not-for-profit; paid membership support similar principles to World Wide Web Consortium Open to all interested parties Democratic: board elected from members Full time Director 35+ organisations (growing) Content owners (text publishers, music) Technology companies Content intermediaries (etc) 5

6 DOI: requirements Identification of content intellectual property in any form Actionable identification automation; click to do something Interoperability existing identification systems future developments Open standard compatible with other standards 6

7 DOI: the aim Establish a way of identifying content in the digital environment actionable identifier Which can be the basis of rights management extensible; can be developed further 7

8 Components of an identifier A number (or name ) assign a number to something (compare: telephone number) 8

9 Components of an identifier A number (or name ) assign a number to something (compare: telephone number) A description say what the number is assigned to (compare: directory entry) 9

10 Components of an identifier A number (or name ) assign a number to something (compare: telephone number) A description say what the number is assigned to (compare: directory entry) An action make the number able to do something (compare: the telephone system) 10

11 Components of an identifier A number (or name ) assign a number to something (compare: telephone number) A description say what the number is assigned to (compare: directory entry) An action make the number able to do something (compare: the telephone system) Policies (compare: social /business structures) 11

12 NUMBERING Syntax /5678 DESCRIPTION Metadata Pieces of data which describe uniquely that which is identified ACTION Resolution System able to link the number to something useful POLICIES 12

13 1. Numbering DOI syntax: how the number is made up - NISO standard (Z39.84) / = prefix (e.g. a publisher, a journal, etc) = suffix (combination is unique) An opaque string ( a dumb number ) once assigned, parts of the number do not have separate meaning Permanent stays the same even if ownership changes 13

14 2. Description What is numbered? Not as simple as you might think: 1. Not only digital files, but physical things and intangible things! 2. Not only things, but parts of things! Let s explain these: 14

15 Not only digital things... Manuscript mss #ABC123 paper journal/volume/page 15

16 URL intangible abstraction MS Vol/page; ISBN; SICI, etc intangible abstraction 16

17 Not only things, but parts of things Components Book Chapter Section Figure 17

18 Not only things, but parts of things Components Book Chapter Section Figure Granularity 18

19 Not only things, but parts of things Components Book Chapter Section Figure Granularity Must be able to identify at whatever level is appropriate : functional granularity 19

20 Description is by metadata Metadata is: Data Data about other data - Book: ISBN (data) - Price: $12.95 (metadata) - Subject: Buenos Aires (metadata) One man s metadata is another man s data: 20

21 Description is by metadata Data about other data - Subject: Buenos Aires (data) - Book: ISBN (metadata) - Price: $12.95 (metadata) Part of an infinite web: interconnected infinite in extent inextricable from identification 21

22 Description is by metadata Not sufficient to assign an identifier without specifying precisely what the entity is a paper or a book is not precise enough; must be precise, because: In an automated world, that specification must be by metadata (able to be used by machines) In an interoperable world, that metadata must be unambiguous ( well-formed ) follow a data model (able to be used consistently by machines) 22

23 DOI uses <indecs> framework Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems Focus is generic intellectual property management Enabling, not replacing, other schemes Broad in scope description, transaction, rights Based on tested real world models, wide support CIS (music industry); IFLA (library cataloguing) Now in use in real applications Muze (audiovisuals), EPICS/ONIX (books & serials) Extensible, structured, open standard 23

24 DOI metadata is very simple A few (7-8) key pieces of data title, type of content, origin, etc varies according to what is needed (video, book, etc) about the object does not include rights metadata but interoperates with rights data because based on same data model uses the same terms to mean the same thing analogy: telephone bill = rights information the telephone number your bank account 24

25 3. Actions Specified Action /123 Web Browser doi> User Actionable identifier etc. 25

26 DOI uses Handle System Open Standard using internet Distributed, scalable, fast and reliable In use now in several places (e.g. Lib. of Congress) Very simple concept, powerful applications Fits with other standards (URL, URN, etc) Associates a name with values (e.g. URL) input DOI output URL (or some other defined value) 26

27 Using Handle, DOIs Resolve to Multiple Data Types Handle (DOI) Data type DOI data / URL URL DLS loc/repository Extensible Data Types XYZ INPUT OUTPUT 27

28 For convenience we re-draw like this: INPUT /123 doi> OUTPUT URL2 URL RAP XYZ etc. 28

29 4. Policies DOI free to use costs paid by assigner DOI applies to any Intellectual Property entity copyright focus (Berne/WCT etc) Registration agencies to deal with assigning DOIs (and metadata/resolution) for publishers etc Business models determined by agencies Policies for agencies are now evolving 29

30 ENUMERATION Allocation of an identifier (DOI) doi> DESCRIPTION <indecs> framework allows a DOI to describe any form of intellectual property, at any level of granularity RESOLUTION Handle System allows a DOI to resolve to any piece of current data POLICIES 30

31 What is DOI? Digital Object Identifier A unique identifier. - of a piece of intellectual property - in any form (tangible, intangible) - defined by some key metadata - an opaque string e.g. DOI: /123 31

32 What is DOI? resolvable.. - routing, via proven internet technology, to associated state data. - one or more current values of specified types of data (e.g. URL); - these data may be, or link to, services 32

33 What is DOI? in an information management substrate - once the (meta)data has been obtained, it can interoperate with other data - e.g. about context (subscription etc) - to construct services and transactions - because (meta)data follows a generic interoperable architecture 33

34 What is DOI? A unique resolvable identifier and multiple pieces of associated state data in an information management substrate achieved by: Technical implementation + policies Two underlying technical tools: 1. intellectual property: <indecs> framework 2. resolution: Handle System 34

35 What are the advantages? 1. Identify the item of intellectual property not its location, because: if the location changes the identifier should stay the same (persistence) the same resource can be at several locations at the same time ( multiple copies ) DOI does this 35

36 The problem illustrated on the Web 1. URL is not a persistent identifier - it refers to Location, not content 2. Same content at two different URLs has two different identifiers - cannot use as common reference Web Browser User URL URL? 404 not found...has moved to One in five Web links more than one year old may be out of date (Alta Vista) 36

37 Identifiers on the Web 1. Don t change the URL; persistence is a social, not a technology, problem Web Browser URL User M People do change URLs M There are good reasons to change URLs M Does not deal with multiple copies 37

38 Making Identifiers identifiers on the persistent Web 2. Assign a Name (= identifier) and redirect for has moved to.. Web Browser User name URL URL M http Bookmarks and caches save the end point, not the name (in current browsers) M still does not deal with multiple copies 38

39 Identifiers on the Web 3. Assign a Name (DOI) and use a better resolver Web Browser User doi> URL URL M DOI provides name M One point of management M Multiple resolution 39

40 This is the DOI: initial implementation /123 Web Browser doi> URL User Resolution 1. DOI is a persistent identifier 2. DOI identifies the content, irrespective of the location 40

41 Full DOI implementation: adding multiple resolution /123 URL2 Web Browser doi> URL URL User Data 1 Actionable identifier Identifier resolves to any piece of data Data 2 etc. 41

42 Multiple resolution for performance: (e.g. D-Lib magazine) Web Browser /123 doi> URL1 URL2 User URL3 Identifier resolves to all URLs; the first to respond is chosen URL4 etc. 42

43 Multiple resolution for intelligence: services Specified Action /123 URL2 Web Browser doi> URL URL User Data 1 Actionable identifier Service /123 Data 2 etc. 43

44 What are the advantages? 2. Able to deal with relationships: this item is a manifestation of that work this item is a part of that item DOI does this: DOIs can resolve to other DOIs Metadata can express relationships is part of etc 44

45 DOI networks can reflect the complex relationships of publishing URL2 doi> doi> URL URL Service URL Service A Service B 45

46 What are the advantages? 3. Apply to any intellectual property entity any format (digital convergence) any granularity (any part of something) 4. Enable complex actions can express relationships between entities interact with data from other sources enables services (automated, predictable) to be constructed 46

47 What are the advantages? 5. Extensible resolution system has capability for trusted transactions metadata framework has capability for full rights management architecture 6. Not limited to current environments not just the Web (other Internet applications) not just digital (intangibles etc) 47

48 DOI: development in three tracks Single redirection Metadata Multiple resolution W3C, WIPO, NISO, ISO, etc, other initiatives Initial implementation Full implementation Standards tracking A continuing development activity 48

49 Applications Reference linking of articles - CrossRef (full scale DOI implementation, not run by IDF); metadata, single resolution E-books currently being worked on (with ONIX/EPICS) Images BioImage; others Books Audiovisuals etc. 49

50 DOI Deployment DOI Foundation to provide governance using a federation of registration agencies agencies follow agreed rules (policies) minimum criteria for registration agencies: technical; information management; $ does not prescribe details of individual businesses comparable models: Bar codes (EAN/UPC); Visa; ISBN etc. 50

51 Summary A general purpose identifier system number, description, action and policies Any item, at any desired level using a metadata framework Linking to any service or data using resolution (multiple resolution) Simple to use registration agencies Applications and agencies now happening 51

52 Further information DOI background papers & DOI Annual Review, FAQs, gallery, etc <indecs> doi> Handle system 52

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