Web Standards Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML

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1 Web Standards Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML Leslie F. Sikos, Ph.D.

2

3 Contents at a Glance About the Author... xvii About the Technical Reviewer... xviii Preface... xix Part 1: Web Standards...1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Web Standards...3 Chapter 2: Internationalization...39 Chapter 3: Markup Languages: More Than HTML Chapter 4: Serving and Configuration Chapter 5: Style Sheets Chapter 6: Scripting and Applications Chapter 7: Metadata and the Semantic Web Chapter 8: Web Syndication Chapter 9: Optimized Appearance Chapter 10: Accessibility Part 2: Developing with Standards Chapter 11: Development Tools Chapter 12: Putting It All Together Chapter 13: Best Practices Chapter 14: Validation Chapter 15: Most Common Errors Index...491

4 Contents About the Author... xvii About the Technical Reviewer... xviii Preface... xix Part 1: Web Standards...1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Web Standards...3 The Basic Concepts...3 The Role of Standardization...4 The Cost of Nonstandardized Markup... 4 Benefits of Standard-Compliant Markup... 5 Development and Announcement of Standards...6 W3C... 7 WHATWG... 8 ERCIM... 8 IETF... 8 Ecma International... 8 Unicode Consortium... 8 DCMI... 9 IANA... 9 OASIS... 9 ISO... 9 Standards Promotion and Distribution...9

5 Groups and Associations Staying Informed: Events and Courses Resources Types, Stages, and Status of Standards...12 The Variety of Rendering Engines...13 Trident Gecko KHTML WebKit Presto Amaya Testing the Standard Support of Browsers...17 Standard Compliance Tests Comprehensive Tests Standards vs. Quirks Modes, DOCTYPE Switching...19 Problem Statement...20 Server-Side Technologies and Content Management Limited Standards Support in Development Tools Major Concerns...22 Bad Practices Lack of Support Unconcern Influential Sites The Popularity of Flash Well-formedness Interoperability Eliminated Version Targeting Backward Compatibility... 28

6 Forward Compatibility Functionality Device Independence Separating Content from Presentation Usability Reliable Layouts Code Optimality Summary...31 References...31 Chapter 2: Internationalization...39 The Importance of Character Encoding...39 Unicode...41 Characters That Should Be Avoided in Markup Contexts Formatting Characters Suitable Also for Markup Special Characters NFC Normalization Is Recommended Unicode Should Be Preferred Declaring Character Encoding for the Markup...48 Encoding Declaration in the HTTP Header In-Document Declarations Declaring Character Encoding for CSS...50 HTTP Header Declarations In-Document Declarations Escape Codes, Special Characters, and Symbols...51 Numeric References Entity References Checking In...52

7 Summary...52 References...53 Chapter 3: Markup Languages: More Than HTML SGML Languages...56 HTML XML Languages...57 XHTML Version Overview...57 HTML Versions and Variants XHTML Versions and Variants HTML Markup Syntaxes...66 The HTML Syntax The XHTML Syntax and Restrictions Data Types...74 Markup Elements...77 Block vs. Inline Elements Attributes...87 HTML Document Structure Document Type Declaration XHTML Document Structure Moving from HTML to XHTML Specific Markup Languages SVG MathML Combinations, Profiles, and Mixed-Namespace Documents (X)HTML+RDFa

8 XHTML-Print XHTML + MathML + SVG Choosing a Markup Language The Benefits of XHTML 1.x over HTML 4.x The Benefits of HTML5 over HTML 4.x and XHTML Alternatives to Web Markup Summary References Chapter 4: Serving and Configuration The HTTP Header Internet Media Types (MIME) Common Media Types Serving XHTML Serving XHTML as HTML Serving XHTML as XML URIs, URLs, and URNs Persistent URIs Summary References Chapter 5: Style Sheets Cascading Style Sheets Levels, Profiles, and Modules Grammar and Conventions Implementation Display and Visibility Cascading Inheritance

9 Scopes and Structure The Box Model Overview of CSS Properties Initial Property Values Default Styles of Rendering Engines XSL XSLT Style Sheets Combining CSS and XSL Summary References Chapter 6: Scripting and Applications Client-Server Architectures Scripting and Standards Implementation Client-Side Development Ajax Flex HTML5 APIs Java Applets ECMAScript and JavaScript Silverlight Server-Side Development ColdFusion Java The.NET Framework Perl PHP Python

10 Ruby SSJS Combinations of Client-Side and Server-Side Technologies Database Technologies Alternate Content and Fallback Mechanism for Scripts Summary References Chapter 7: Metadata and the Semantic Web The Semantic Web Structured Data Linked Open Data Wide Variety of Annotations and Syntaxes The meta Tags Schemas, Vocabularies, and Ontologies Microformats Microdata FOAF DOAC Dublin Core Resource Description Framework OWL Combining Metadata Combining Vocabularies in RDF Microdata and Microformats Dublin Core and vcard in RDF Dublin Core, vcard, and Math-Net DC, IMS, and ODRL

11 Special Applications Image Metadata and XMP Metadata for YouTube Videos Metadata in SEO Summary References Chapter 8: Web Syndication News Feeds Really Simple Syndication Creating an RSS File Required Elements Optional Elements Subelements of the item Element Namespaces Styling RSS Feeds Atom Creating an Atom File Containers Metadata and Content Elements RSS or Atom? Summary References Chapter 9: Optimized Appearance Layout Positioning and Floating Tableless Web Layout Typography...342

12 Misused Characters Web Fonts Embedding External Content Raster Graphics Vector Graphics Flash Audio Video Summary References Chapter 10: Accessibility Defining Web Accessibility WCAG WCAG Migrating from WCAG 1.0 to WCAG U.S. Section Semantic (X)HTML5 Elements and WAI-ARIA JavaScript Accessibility PDF Accessibility Flash Accessibility Accessibility of Mathematical Notations Summary References Part 2: Developing with Standards Chapter 11: Development Tools Feature Requirements...403

13 Text Editors WYSIWYG Editors Content Management Systems and Bloggers Web Standards Support Specific Editors Semantic Editors and Reasoners MathType Markup Correctors HTML Tidy Tidy for PHP Log Validator Browsers as Development Tools Debugging and Add-ons Testing Web Pages in Text Browsers View the Source Code Summary References Chapter 12: Putting It All Together Choosing the Relevant Standards Switching Between Standards Step-by-Step Development Starting from Scratch Links Images Lists Tables Drop-Down Selection Lists

14 Forms Flash Content RSS News Feeds Making Web Sites Valid Through Redesign Summary References Chapter 13: Best Practices Appropriately Used Elements Content in Logical Order Reliable Positioning Sizes and Proportions Lengths in Relative Units Combine Units Properly Embedding External Content Properly Embedding YouTube Videos as Valid XHTML or HTML Embedding Google Maps as Valid XHTML or HTML Semantic Web Best Practices WAI-ARIA Best Practices Mobile Web Best Practices Providing Robustness Declaring Fallback Generic Fonts Declarations with Appropriate Specificity Testing Rendering in Multiple Browsers Readability Without Styles Summary References...453

15 Chapter 14: Validation Concepts Markup Validation Validating XML Validating RDF/XML Validating News Feeds Validating CSS Validating I18N Validating Hyperlinks Validating Accessibility Validating Mobile-Friendliness Unified Validators W3C Unicorn Total Validator SortSite Extracting Semantic Content Expressing Validity W3C Icons Representing Technologies Summary References Chapter 15: Most Common Errors Common Serving Errors Common Markup Errors Incorrectly Used Elements Incorrect Structure

16 Misused Tables Nonoptimal Code Length Element and Attribute Errors End Tag Errors Identifiers Common Style Sheet Errors Nonexisting Properties Nonexisting or Incorrectly Used Property Values Ignored Inheritance Color Errors Incorrect Locations Transparent Backgrounds Miscellaneous Errors Common News Feed Errors Common Script Errors Common Accessibility Errors Summary References Index...491

17 About the Author Leslie F. Sikos, Ph.D.

18 About the Technical Reviewer Charles Brown

19 Preface

20

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