Big Data 9. Data Models
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1 Ghislain Fourny Big Data 9. Data Models pinkyone / 123RF Stock Photo 1
2 Syntax vs. Data Models Physical view Syntax <a> <d e="f"/> <c>this is <b>text</b>.</c> </a> 2
3 Syntax vs. Data Models a Logical view Data Model e = f d This is c b. text Physical view Syntax <a> <d e="f"/> <c>this is <b>text</b>.</c> </a> 3
4 Edge vs. Node labeling foo foo foobar bar bar 4
5 XML Data models Information Set (Infoset) Post Schema-Validation Infoset (PSVI) XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) 5
6 HTML/XML Data model Document Object Model (DOM) 6
7 grigory_bruev / 123RF Stock Photo XML Information Set 7
8 Information Set <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <dc:metadata xmlns:dc=" <title xml:lang="en" year="2008" >Systems Group</title> <publisher>eth Zurich</publisher> </dc:metadata> 8
9 Information Set 9
10 The 11 XML Information Items Document Element Attribute Processing Instruction Character Comment Namespace Unexpanded Entity Reference DTD Unparsed Entity Notation 10 10
11 The 11 XML Information Items Document Element Attribute Processing Instruction Character Comment Namespace Unexpanded Entity Reference DTD Unparsed Entity Notation 11 11
12 Document Information Items Document Information Item doc [children] Element Information Item metadata [document element] Element Information Item metadata [notations] <empty> [unparsed entities] <empty> [base URI ] file:///users/bigdata/documents/info.xml [character encoding scheme] UTF-8 [standalone] <no value> [version]
13 Element Information Items Element Information Item metadata metadata [namespace name] [local name] metadata [prefix] dc [children] Element Information Items title, publisher [attributes] <empty> [namespace attributes] Attribute Information Item xmlns:dc [in-scope namespaces] Namespace Information Items dc->systems, xml->ns [base URI] file:///users/bigdata/documents/info.xml [parent] Document Information Item 13
14 Attribute Information Items Attribute Information Item xmlns:dc [namespace name] [local name] dc [prefix] xmlns [normalized value] [specified] true [attribute type] <no value> [references] unknown [owner element] Element Information Item metadata xmlns:dc 14
15 Namespace Information Items Namespace Information Item dc->systems [prefix] dc [namespace name] dc->systems Namespace Information Item xml->ns xml->ns [prefix] xml [namespace name] 15
16 XML Infoset - the tree doc xmlns:dc metadata xml->ns dc->systems xml->ns dc->systems title publisher dc->systems xml->ns lang year ETH Zurich Systems Group 16
17 Post-Schema-Validation Infoset Infoset + Types Post-Schema-Validation Infoset (PSVI) 17
18 Weerapat Kiatdumrong / 123RF Stock Photo XPath and XQuery Data Model 18
19 XDM: Sequences of Items (,,,,, ) 19
20 XDM: Sequence of one item = ( ) 20
21 XDM: Sequences are flat ((, ), )=(,, ) 21
22 XDM: Items Atomic Node 22
23 XDM: Seven Kinds of XML Nodes Document node Element node Attribute node Text node Comment node Processing instruction node Namespace node 23
24 XDM: Seven Kinds of XML Nodes Infoset XDM 24
25 XDM vs. Infoset Infoset XDM xs:untyped 25
26 XDM: New Items in 3.0 and 3.1 lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Functions Maps Arrays 26
27 XDM and Querying for let order by if + any else = then every while where return exit with Expression 27
28 Types (In general) 28
29 Types (General) Atomic Types vs. Structured Types 29
30 Atomic Types Strings Numbers Booleans Dates and Times Time Intervals Binaries Null 30
31 Lexical Space vs. Value Space e Lexical space Value space
32 Subtypes Supertype's value space Subtype's value space 32
33 Structured Types Data Structure Associative Arrays (a.k.a. maps) Ordered Lists Examples JSON Object, Protobuf Message, Set of XML Attributes JSON Array, XML Element, Protobuf repeated field 33
34 Cardinality How many? One Common sign Zero or more * Common adjective required Zero or one? optional One or more + 34
35 wklzzz / 123RF Stock Photo Protocol Buffers 35
36 Messages message Person { required string last_name = 1; repeated string first_name = 2; optional Title title = 3; optional Person boss = 4; } 36
37 Scalar types double, float int32, int64 and variants bool string bytes 37
38 Enums enum Title { MR = 1; MS = 2; MRS = 3; } 38
39 In C++ person.boss().first_name() 39
40 Validation Burak Cakmak / 123RF Stock Photo 40
41 Validation: The Pipeline Document Well- Formedness Validation 41
42 On the oxygen Cheat Sheet Validity Well- Formedness 42
43 Validation vs. Annotation Validation Annotation 43
44 Validation 44
45 DTD Validation 45
46 Document Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a>& <a>& &&<d&e="f"/>& &&<c>this&is&<b>text</b>.</c>& </a>& & 46
47 Document Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a>& <a>& &&<d&e="f"/>& &&<c>this&is&<b>text</b>.</c>& </a>& & 47
48 Document Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& ]>& <a>& &&<d&e="f"/>& &&<c>this&is&<b>text</b>.</c>& </a>& & 48
49 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& ]>& <a>& &&<d&e="f"/>& &&<c>this&is&<b>text</b>.</c>& </a>& & 49
50 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& ]>& <a/>& & 50 Empty Content
51 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&(#PCDATA)>& ]>& <a>& &&This&is&text.& </a>& & 51 Simple Content
52 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&(foo,&bar)>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&bar&EMPTY>& ]>& <a>& &&<foo/>& &&<bar/>& </a>& & 52 Complex Content
53 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&(foo+,&bar*,&foobar?)>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&bar&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&foobar&EMPTY>& ]>& <a>& &&<foo/>& &&<foo/>& &&<foo/>& &&<foobar/>& 53 </a>& Complex Content
54 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&(&bar*& &(foo foobar)+)?>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&foobar&EMPTY>& ]>& <a>& &&<foo/>& &&<foobar/>& &&<foo/>& &&<foobar/>& </a>& 54 Complex Content
55 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&(#PCDATA& &foo)*>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& ]>& <a>& &&<foo/>lorum<foo/>ipsum<foo/>& </a>& & 55 Mixed Content
56 Element Type Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&ANY>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&bar&EMPTY>& ]>& <a>& &&<foo/>& &&Lorem& &&<bar/>& &&Ipsum& &&<bar/>& &&<bar/>& </a>& 56 Mixed Content
57 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&CDATA&#REQUIRED>& ]>& <a&foo="this&is&a&"value""></a>& & 57
58 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&CDATA&#IMPLIED>& ]>& <a&foo="this&is&a&"value""></a>& & 58
59 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&CDATA&"bar">& ]>& <a&foo="this&is&a&"value""></a>& & 59
60 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&CDATA&"bar">& ]>& <a></a>& & 60
61 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&CDATA&#FIXED&"bar">& ]>& <a&foo="bar"></a>& & 61
62 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&NMTOKEN&#REQUIRED>& ]>& <a&foo="123atoken456"></a>& & 62
63 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&a&[& <!ELEMENT&a&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&a&foo&NMTOKENS&#REQUIRED>& ]>& <a&foo="123atoken&456"></a>& & 63
64 Attribute-List Declaration <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&root&[& <!ELEMENT&root&(foo+,&bar,&barlist)>& <!ELEMENT&foo&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&bar&EMPTY>& <!ELEMENT&barlist&EMPTY>& <!ATTLIST&foo&myid&ID&#REQUIRED>& <!ATTLIST&bar&ref&IDREF&#REQUIRED>& <!ATTLIST&barlist&ref&IDREFS&#REQUIRED>& ]>& <root>& &&<foo&myid="foobar"/>& &&<foo&myid="foobar2"/>& &&<bar&ref="foobar"/>& &&<barlist&ref="foobar&foobar2"/>& </root>& 64
65 DTD Example: External Subset <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <!DOCTYPE&root&SYSTEM&"schema.dtd">& <a&foo="bar"/>& 65
66 Warning: DTDs and Namespaces <!ELEMENT(eth((date,(president,(Rektor)>( <!ATTLIST(eth(xmlns(CDATA(#FIXED( " ((((((((((((((xmlns:xmldb(cdata(#fixed( " ((((((((((((((date(cdata(#implied( ((((((((((((((xmldb:date(cdata(#implied>( <!ELEMENT(date((#PCDATA)>( <!ELEMENT(president((#PCDATA)>( <!ATTLIST(president(number(CDATA(#IMPLIED>( <!ELEMENT(Rektor((#PCDATA)>( ( 66
67 Notations and Unparsed Entities <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ENTITY presentation SYSTEM "/Users/bigdata/desktop/presentation.pptx" NDATA pptx> <!NOTATION pptx PUBLIC "powerpoint"> <!ELEMENT foo EMPTY> <!ATTLIST foo foo ENTITY #REQUIRED> ]> <foo foo="presentation"></foo> 67
68 XML Schema 68
69 Empty Schema <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" </xs:schema>& & 69
70 Simple Scenario <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" &&<xs:element&name="foo"&type="xs:string"/>& </xs:schema>& & & schema.xsd <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <foo& &&xmlns:xsi=" &&xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="schema.xsd">& &&This&is&text.& </foo>& & file.xml 70
71 Simple Scenario <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" &&<xs:element&name="foo"&type="xs:integer"/>& </xs:schema>& & & schema.xsd <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <foo& &&xmlns:xsi=" &&xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="schema.xsd">& &&142857& </foo>& & file.xml 71
72 Simple Types: Built-in Strings Numbers Booleans string anyuri QName decimal integer float double long int short byte positiveinteger nonnegativeinteger... unsignedlong unsignedint... boolean 72
73 Simple Types: Built-in Dates and Times Time Intervals Binaries Null - datetime time date gyearmonth gmonthday gyear gmonth gday datetimestamp duration yearmonthduration daytimeduration hexbinary base64binary 73
74 Dates T10:15:00Z 01:15:00-08:00 74
75 User-defined types Restriction Union Not atomic List Not atomic 75
76 Restriction <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" &&<xs:simpletype&name="myfixedlengthstring">& &&&&<xs:restriction&base="xs:string">& &&&&&&<xs:length&value="3"/>& &&&&</xs:restriction>& &&</xs:simpletype>& &&<xs:element&name="foo"&type="myfixedlengthstring"/>& </xs:schema>& schema.xsd <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <foo& &&xmlns:xsi=" &&xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="schema.xsd">zrh</foo>& & & file.xml 76
77 Restriction <xs:simpletype,name="myfixedlengthstring">,,,<xs:restriction,base="xs:string">,,,,,<xs:length,value="3"/>,,,</xs:restriction>, </xs:simpletype>,, <foo>zrh</foo>,,, 77
78 List <xs:simpletype,name="mylist">,,,<xs:list,itemtype="xs:string"/>, </xs:simpletype>,, <foo>foo,bar,foobar</foo>,, 78
79 Union <xs:simpletype,name="myunion">,,,<xs:union,membertypes="xs:integer,xs:boolean"/>, </xs:simpletype>,, <foo>true</foo>,,,, 79
80 Complex Types Empty <foo/> Simple Content <foo>text</foo> Complex Content Mixed Content <foo> <a/> <b/> </foo> <foo> Text<a/>Text<b/> </foo> 80
81 Complex content <xs:complextype-name="complexcontent">- --<xs:sequence>- ----<xs:element-name="twotofour"-type="xs:string"-minoccurs="2"-maxoccurs="4"/>- ----<xs:element-name="zeroorone"-type="xs:boolean"-minoccurs="0"-maxoccurs="1"/>- --</xs:sequence>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<zeroorone>true</zeroorone>- </foo>
82 Complex content <xs:complextype-name="complexcontent">- --<xs:sequence>- ----<xs:element-name="twotofour"-type="xs:string"-minoccurs="2"-maxoccurs="4"/>- ----<xs:element-name="zeroorone"-type="xs:boolean"-minoccurs="0"-maxoccurs="1"/>- --</xs:sequence>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<twotofour>foobar</twotofour>- --<zeroorone>true</zeroorone>- </foo>
83 Empty content <xs:complextype-name="emptytype">- --<xs:sequence/>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo/>
84 Simple content <xs:complextype-name="datecountry">- --<xs:simplecontent>- ----<xs:extension-base="xs:date"> <xs:attribute-name="country"-type="xs:string"/>- ----</xs:extension>- --</xs:simplecontent>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo-country="switzerland">2014d12d02</foo>
85 Mixed content <xs:complextype-name="mixedcontent"-mixed="true">- --<xs:sequence>- ----<xs:element-name="b"-type="xs:string"-minoccurs="0"-maxoccurs="unbounded"/>- --</xs:sequence>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo>some-text-and-some-<b>bold</b>-text.</foo>
86 Simple type on attributes <xs:complextype-name="withattribute">- --<xs:sequence/>- --<xs:attribute-name="country" type="xs:string" default="switzerland"/>- </xs:complextype>- - <foo-country="switzerland"/>
87 Named Types <xs:complextype-name="empty">---- <xs:sequence/>- </xs:complextype>- - <xs:element-name="c"-type="empty">- </xs:element>- - 87
88 Anonymous Types <xs:element*name="c">* **<xs:complextype>* ****<xs:sequence/>* **</xs:complextype>* </xs:element>* * 88
89 No namespaces <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" &&<xs:element&name="foo"&type="xs:string"/>& </xs:schema>& & & <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <foo& &&xmlns:xsi=" &&xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="schema.xsd">& &&This&is&text.& </foo>& & 89
90 With namespaces <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <xs:schema& &&xmlns:xs=" &&<xs:element&name="foo"&type="xs:string"/>& </xs:schema>& & <?xml&version="1.0"&encoding="utf98"?>& <big:foo& &&xmlns:xsi=" &&xsi:schemalocation="! &&xmlns:big=" &&This&is&text.& </big:foo>& & & 90
91 Keys <xs:schema* ****xmlns:xs=" **<xs:element*name="root">* ****<xs:complextype>* ******..* ****</xs:complextype>* ****<xs:key*name="foodid">* ******<xs:selector*xpath="foo"/>* ****</xs:key>* **</xs:element>* </xs:schema>* * <?xml*version="1.0"*encoding="utfd8"?>* <root* What must be unique What makes it unique **xmlns:xsi=" **xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="schema.xsd">* **<foo*id="foo"/>* **<foo*id="bar"/>* **<foo*id="foobar"/>* </root>* * 91
92 Bonus material: The Schema of Schemas!!<xs:schema!!!!!xmlns:xs=" 92
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