Geology & Geophysics REU GPS/GIS 1-day workshop handout #3: Working with data in ArcGIS

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1 Geology & Geophysics REU GPS/GIS 1-day workshop handout #3: Working with data in ArcGIS In this lab you ll start to use some basic ArcGIS routines to display your data. These include overlaying data on raster images and symbolizing shapefile data. I GEO-REGISTERING A RASTER IMAGE THAT HAS COORDINATES First you are going to import a digital portion of the USGS topo quad, geo-register it, and use it as a base beneath your burn scar shape file. Sometimes raster images are available pregeoregistered, other times they are not. One of the most common raster images that folks use for maps are scans of topo maps. Raw scans are not geo-registered. You already geo-registered a portion of the USGS topo quad for this area using GPS Utility. That process required creation of fake waypoints (nw, ne, se, and sw), and moving them to the correct places on the bitmap, which in reality was forcing the bitmap to fit geographic locations. In ArcGIS the process is slightly different. First, pull over USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg from the data directory and display it in some sort of photo viewer. You are going to want to know the UTM coordinates of 4 places where the UTM lines cross, and again they should be near (but not at) the 4 corners of the map. It will be helpful to write down the UTM coordinates of the 4 places in USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg where UTM lines cross. UTM point Easting nw ne se sw Northing 1 a) Click the Add Data button and in the Add Data window, select USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg, and click Add. You will get a Create Pyramids for USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg (3385 x 3508) window. Pyramids are something that Arc uses to help zoom in and out seamlessly. Almost always you should click Yes, when you are asked about creating them. b) Next, you will get a Unknown Spatial Reference window. This is because the bitmap has no geographic information attached to it. Click OK. c) USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg will show up in the Layers box, but it will not show up in the map. But if you right-click on USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg and select Zoom to Layer, you ll see it. What is going on? Run the cursor around USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg and notice that you will see some very un-utm-like numbers in the coordinates area near the bottom right of the map. This is because without geographic information, ArcMap has put the upper left corner of the bitmap (sample 1, line 1) at the origin of UTM zone 4. Of course there really isn t an origin of UTM

2 2 zone 4, but we ll ignore that. If you click the Global view button: you will end up with a blank map with only a little dot near one corner. This is the result of trying to display both USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg and your existing map data in the same coordinate system. d) Get back to a more useful display by right-clicking on burnscar and selecting Zoom to Layer. This is an important step that people often forget. It is good practice to start the geo-referencing process from a view of the place you want things geo-referenced to. 2. Open the georeferencing window by clicking Customize -> Toolbars -> Georeferencing. You will get a Georeferencing window. In its Layer: box, click the dropdown arrow and select USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg This may seem obvious at the moment because you only have one file that can even be geo-referenced. However, in the future you may have many many bitmaps in one map project and you want to make sure you are geo-registering the right one! You re going to need to see the image you want to georeference, but we already know that it is far away from where you are looking at the moment. To see both the bitmap and where it needs to be, click on Georeferencing -> Fit to Display. Note that this does not do the geo-referencing it is only a display trick. b) In the Georeferencing window, make sure Auto Adjust is selected. You click on Georeferencing -> Auto Adjust to toggle between on (checked) and off (not checked). c) In this case, you know the coordinates of at least 4 points in the bitmap, namely the 4 places where UTM grid intersections occur (in the table you filled out on page 1). As with GPS Utility, the more precisely you do the geo-referencing, the better your eventual map will be. One way to see closely what is happening is to use the Magnifier. Click on Windows -> Magnifier. Center the Magnifier on the first UTM point that you re going to use. d) Click the Add Control Points button:. The cursor becomes a +. As carefully as possible, center the cursor over your first selected UTM intersection and click the left mouse button. A green cross will appear. Click the right mouse button. You will get a tiny window with three choices, one of which is Input X and Y Click Input X and Y e) You will get an Enter Coordinates window, with an X: box and a Y: box. Enter the proper UTM Easting (X) and Northing (Y) coordinates, and click OK. USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg will probably disappear! Where has it gone??? Arc has done the geo-referencing on the fly and moved the raster image from its image-based coordinate location to the UTM-based location of your burn scar map. In essence, it has done the geo-registration with one tiepoint. f) But, has it really??? Think about it. ArcMap now knows which pixel of USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg has the particular UTM coordinates that you typed in. But it doesn t know the pixel size, therefore it can t really geo-register the image. Plus, it assumes that your scan was perfectly perpendicular to the UTM lines, but that is probably not the case.

3 3 g) In the Layers box, right-click on USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg and select Zoom to Layer. Whew! There it is. Hopefully you will also see the rest of your map somewhere nearby. h) You are still in georeferencing mode. Move the magnifier to another UTM crossing point, carefully place the mouse, click the left mouse button, and repeat the entering of x and y coordinate data. Repeat until you have done 4 UTM crossing points. 3. The georeferencing will hopefully look pretty good. But it is only temporary. To finalize it, in the Georeferencing window, click on Georeferencing -> Update Georeferencing. 4. Back in the main ArcMap menu, save the Waahila.mxd file. You are still in georeferencing mode, and your tiepoints may still be displayed. If so, click on Georeferencing -> Delete Control Points. To get out of Georeferencing mode, click on the arrow or zoom button in the Tools window. a) Zoom to the area of the burn scar and your GPS waypoints - they should be sitting nicely on the scanned topo map. One thing you can do is make the burnscar polygon transparent so that you can see the topo map underneath. In the Layers box, right-click on the burnscar shapefile and select Properties In the Layer Properties window, click the Display tab. Near the top you ll see a Transparent: box. Enter a number greater than 0, and click Apply to see what it looks like. Find a transparency that you like (60 usually works pretty well), and click OK. II GEOREGEGISTERING RASTER DATA THAT DON T HAVE COORDINATES 5. In the data folder is an image called google_stitch01.jpg. It does not include a UTM grid, so you ll need to use a slightly different method of georegistering. Pull google_stitch01.jpg over and copy it to your Waahila directory. a) Back in ArcMap, click the Add Data button:, and import google_stitch01.jpg. If ArcMap asks about building pyramids, say Yes. Again, ArcMap will complain with the Unknown Spatial Reference window. Click OK. b) google_stitch01.jpg will show up over in the Layers box, but it will not be displayed on the map. That is because it also has image coordinates that are way different from the UTM coordinates that the map is using. Just to make sure that google_stitch01.jpg isn t hiding under USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg, turn off USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg by clicking the little check mark next to it in the Legend box. Click it again so that USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg is re-displayed. c) If you click the Global view button: you will end up with a blank map with only a little dot near one corner. This is the result of trying to display both the topo map and waypoint data as well as the Ka_Iwi_Google_mosaic.jpg data in the same coordinate system. If you run the mouse

4 4 over the little dot in the map you ll see that the coordinates are those of the Wa ahila area. Somewhere out in the field of white are numbers that correspond to the meaningless image coordinates of the Google raster image. d) Click the Back button: so that you re once again looking at the topo and waypoint data. 6. Right-click google_stitch01.jpg and select Zoom to Layer. There it is! It does exist! And if you run the cursor around the image you ll see that it is in image coordinates, not map coordinates. IMPORTANT STEP: Right click USGS_Honolulu_part and select Zoom to Layer. It is important that you start in the coordinate system that is your target. You are back looking at the topo data and waypoints, but not seeing the GoogleEarth image. You probably want to zoom in somewhat on the image, approximately to the upper-middle part of the image. 7. In the Layer: box of the Georeferencing window, select google_stitch01.jpg. Then click Georeferencing -> Fit To Display. You will now see the Google mosaic overlain on top of the scanned topo map, but they will not match. 8. Next, you re going to need to find features that you can identify in both images. Some of these could be points you collected in the field with the GPS (if you saved a waypoint at a trail intersection, for example; your field notes and annotated field map will come in handy for this). You can also use features in USGS_Honolulu_part.jpg. Anything that is already part of your map document is fair game to be used as a tiepoint, but they cannot all be in a line and they should be as evenly spread across the image as possible. This includes road intersections, buildings, bridges, points of land, small bays, etc. Remember, you will be zoomed way in, so things such as corners that make points are way better than linear things or rounded things. In the main ArcMap menu, click on Window -> Magnifier. You will get a Magnification 400% [Live] window that allows you to zoom way-the-heck in and see lots of details. You move this window by holding down the left mouse button up in the title part of the Magnification 400% [Live] window, and dragging it around the image. Notice that you can often only see the top image (the Google image). If you want to see the underlying topo map and shape files, toggle the Google image off over in the Legend box. 9. You are going to click control points in the Google mosaic image (what you want to georegister) and then in what is already part of your map (your waypoints and trackpoints plus features in the scanned topo map, which are already geo-registered - Arc calls this the target ). Remember this order because you always have to follow it: what-you-want-to-georegister first, what-is-already-georegistered second. If you are familiar with ENVI, the equivalent would be warp image first, base image second. In ENVI the order doesn t matter, but in ArcMap it does.

5 5 a) In the Georeferencing window, make sure Auto Adjust is selected. b) In the Georeferencing window, click on the Control Points button: c) Identify a feature that you can find in both images. It is always a bummer to find a point in the image you are trying to register, but then realize that you can t find it in the target image. Center the Magnifier window over the first location (in the Google mosaic image) that you are going to use as a tiepoint, and as precisely as possible, click the left mouse button. A green + will appear where you clicked, and a tie-line will extend away from it as you move the mouse. d) Next, center the Magnifier window over the corresponding location in the topo map. You may have to turn off the Google mosaic image in order to see where the target location is. Carefully position the mouse on the corresponding location in the topo map, and click the left mouse button. e) If you didn t have to toggle off the Google mosaic image, you will see it move so that the two control points correspond. If you did have to toggle off the Google mosaic image, toggle it back on and you will see that the two control points correspond. f) Continue producing pairs of points - first in the Google mosaic image (the one that is being warped), then in the topo map (the map that is being used as a base). If you click in the Google image and then decide that you can t find the corresponding location in the topo map target after all, right-click the mouse and select Cancel Point. 10. If you get tired of toggling google_stitch01.jpg on and off when you go back and forth between the base and warp images, one thing you can do is make it transparent. That way you can see both images at the same time. Right-click on google_stitch01.jpg and select Properties You get a Layer Properties window. Click the Display tab, and down near the middle you ll see a box next to Transparent: The default is 0%, meaning it isn t transparent at all. If you change it to 30% or so, and then click OK, you ll be able to see through google_stitch01.jpg to the scanned topo map below. Now, picking tiepoints is a little easier, but you have to be careful. You need to remember that even though you can see both images now, you must always pick the point in the warp image first and then the base (target) image second. 11. After you click your 4 th point, you will probably notice little blue lines connecting the warpimage and base-image locations. This is because using only a 1 st -order polynomial, Arc is not able to perfectly fit the points to each other. You don t need to worry about these unless one of the blue lines is way longer than all the others or if they are all pretty long. 12. After your 5 th point, click the Link Table button:. You will get a Link Window that shows the points you ve selected (Link), the X and Y coordinates of each point in the Google image (the image you re trying to geo-register, which Arc now calls the Source ), the X and Y coordinates

6 6 of each point in the base map (which Arc now calls the Map ), and the residual errors that result from not being able to fit all the points perfectly. If you see that the residual for a particular point is really bad (a high number), there are two explanations. The first is that you screwed up and for that Link you picked the wrong point in either the Google or underlying map image. The second (and more likely) explanation is that the Google image has some distortion to it in that part of the image, and Arc is not able to accommodate using a simple polynomial transformation. You have two choices, but first maybe you want to see what is going on at that point. Click on the problematic link and you ll see the whole row become highlighted in blue. Click the Zoom to Selected Link button:. Arc sill zoom you to where that tiepoint is. If you see what the problem is, the quickest thing to do is just delete it with the Delete Link button: (or the Delete key) Then click in the right place in both images. If you suspect that the problem is a weird Source image, in the Transformation: box, select 2nd Order Polynomial. This gives Arc more power to warp the image in strange ways and thereby reduce the residual errors. Or, you can select 3rd Order Polynomial. Beware, however. These higher-order polynomials can do some really woogity stuff to your image, particularly to the parts where there are no tiepoint pairs. Note that you can only use these higher-order polynomials if you have enough tiepoint pairs: You need at least 6 for a 2 nd order polynomial and at least 10 for 3 rd order. Even better than 3 rd order is Spline, which forces all the points to correspond. 13. Save the Link Table once you are satisfied with the fit. Highlight all the Links by clicking on them while holding down the Shift or Ctrl key. Then, in the Link Table click the Save icon, and save the file to your Waahila folder. It will be a.txt file. If you save it, you can call these points back at a later time and save yourself the time of finding them again. Note that they will only work for this particular pair of Source and Map images! To get rid of the Link Table, click the x in the upper right. 14. You still haven t permanently warped google_stitch01.jpg. In the Georeferencing window, click Georeferencing -> Update Georeferencing. If you check in Windows Explorer, you ll see that this step creates new, non-displaying files called google_stitch01.jgw and google_stitch01.jpg.aux.xml. It is these two files that store the geo-referencing information for google_stitch01.jpg. Open ArcCatalog and right-click on google_stitch01.jpg, select Properties and slide down to Spatial Reference, you ll see that it now also has the right projection information attached to it. 15. Warning: Screwy things can happen. For example, you may get the image all registered nicely and all of a sudden it jumps to being un-registered. You might think that the best thing to do is to

7 7 remove it from the map in ArcMap (remembering that doing so doesn t actually delete the file), and then re-importing it. The problem with that is that thanks to your geo-registering efforts, Arc has created those new files that are now associated with google_stitch01.jpg so that whenever it is imported, it knows how to warp it in order to fit the rest of the data. If the information in those files is all messed up (due to human error or Arc weirdness), then no matter what you do, it will be displayed in all messed up mode. This is one case where it is advisable to use Windows Explorer to delete files. In particular, you first would right-click on google_stitch01.jpg in the Layers window and select Remove. Then close ArcMap to avoid a sharing violation. Then in Windows Explorer delete all the google_stitch01 files except for google_stitch01.jpg itself. Then back in ArcMap you can start back at step 7a. Hopefully you won t have to do that. III LABELING POINT SHAPEFILES 16. Right-click on Waahila_waypoints2 and select Zoom to Layer. The default symbology is probably small diamonds. Next we re going to play around with different ways of making the attribute information visible. a) One way to figure out what things are is to click on them one by one. This will work to identify a few features, but it won t be very useful if you have a bunch of them. To do this, in the main Tools toolbar, click on the Identify button: Now you have a lower-case letter i next to your cursor. If you click on one of the Waahila_waypoints2 points you will get a Identify window that tells you the value for each of the fields of that feature. Notice that the default (set in the Identify from: box) is to only show the top-most layer. If you want to see what else exists at that point, click the drop-down arrow and select <Visible layers> or <All layers>. b) You might think that clicking on features one by one and using the Identify button to figure out what is what would be a pain, and you would be right! Much better would be to label them so you can just read what they are. c) Close the Identify window. In the Layers box, right-click on Waahila_waypoints2 and select Properties. In the Layer Properties window, click the Labels tab. In the upper left, click the little box next to Label features in this layer d) Near the middle of the Layer Properties window is a box labeled Label Field: Here is where you tell Arc which of the shapefile s fields is going to be used to generate the label. If you click this dropdown arrow, you ll see FID, name, easting, and northing. For now, select name. e) Below in the Text Symbol box is a sample of what the label will look like. If you don t like this, click the Symbol button and pick a different font, font size, font color, etc. Eventually you ll click OK your way back to the main map, and you should see individual labels for each of

8 8 your Waahila_waypoint2 points. You can also click Apply before the last OK to see what the labels will look like as a check. But you can always go back to change things if you want. IV SYMBOLIZING FEATURES BY ATTRIBUTES It is very useful to be able to symbolize features based on their quantitative and/or qualitative attributes. 17. Pull over the file trees.zip and save it to your Waahila folder. Import the data to your Arc Map project and make sure it is displayed above the burnscar shapefile. a) Right-click trees and select Zoom to layer. Right-click on trees again and select Open Attribute Table. You ll see that in addition to two Arc-generated fields, there is also a field called dia (diameter, in cm) and a field called type (the type of tree). You can symbolize each point by one or both of these attributes. b) Right-click on trees and select Properties. In the Layer Properties window, click the Symbology tab. Over in the Show: box, click Quantities. Obviously this refers to some attribute that is numerical, and the only choice we happen to have is the tree diameter. c) In the Fields box there is a dropdown button next to Value: Click this button and your two choices will be Id and dia. Select dia. Notice that below will be a set of symbol colors scaled to 5 different size classes (the default is 5). There is a dropdown button next to Classes: where you can change this # classes value. Click Apply and see what happens. d) Probably more useful will be to symbolize the tree diameter by changing the size of the symbols. In the Show: box, click Graduated symbols and in the Value: dropdown, select dia. Again you ll see that the default # classes is 5, which you can change if you like. e) Best of all would be to use color to show the type of tree and use the symbol size to show its diameter. ArcMap does not make this easy. In the Show: box, click on Categories and then Unique values, many fields. In the Value Fields box, select type in the first drop-down, and below, click Add All Values. Click Apply and the dots will be different colors depending on what kind of tree they are. Next click the Advanced button and select Size You will get a Size window. In the Size Points by Value in this field: drop-down, select dia and click OK. If you click Apply, you will see that your symbols are ridiculously large. f) Click the Advanced button again and select Size Over to the right of the drop-down you will see a little calculator icon. Click it and you will get an Expression Builder window. Because dia is selected in the drop-down button in the Size Points by Value in this field: drop-down, it is already selected in the Expression box, with square brackets around it: [dia]. One thing you could do is try dividing the value of dia for each tree by 10 to see if the size displays better. Click to the right of [dia] so that the cursor starts blinking there and then click the / button and type 10.

9 9 Your expression should look like: [dia]/10 Click OK and you ll see that the Size Points by Value in this field: dropdown now says <expression>. Click OK and then Apply. If they are now too small, go back and change the expression maybe to [dia]/5 or whatever.

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