What is it? Example of XSL Syntax. Basis of formatting. Transformation & Formatting. Formatting. Areas and Area Tree. 6.1 Overview of XSL Formatting
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1 6 XSL: Extensible Stylesheet Language What is it? An advanced style language for XML documents: 1. Language for transforming XML documents: XSLT 2. XML vocabulary for specifying formatting: XSL 1.0, W3C Rec. 10/01; XSL 1.1 Rec. 12/06» written for implementers of XSL processors 6.1 Introduction and Overview 6.2 XSL Formatting by Example An XSL style sheet specifies the presentation of a class of XML documents by describing an XSLT transformation of the XML document into an XML document that uses the formatting vocabulary» XSL FO: a markup language to describe formatting XSL builds on CSS2 and DSSSL DSSSL an ISO-standardised, but mainly unimplemented SGML style language SDPL : XSL Formatting 1 SDPL : XSL Formatting 2 Example of XSL Syntax 6.1 Overview of XSL Formatting Formatting paragraphs (as part of a complete style sheet) <xsl:stylesheet version='1.0' xmlns:xsl=" xmlns:fo fo=" > match="para[position para[position() > 1]"> text-indent="1em" > block </xsl:stylesheet xsl:stylesheet> A style sheet processor accepts an XML document and an XSL style sheet, and produces a formatted presentation Two steps: 1. (XSLT) transformation: XML source tree > result tree 2. (XSL FO) formatting» interprets the result tree to produce formatted presentation SDPL : XSL Formatting 3 SDPL : XSL Formatting 4 Transformation & Formatting XSLT script Basis of formatting Transformation adds info to format the result tree Formatting semantics expressed using a formatting vocabulary,, of formatting objects (FOs), nodes of the result tree» for typographic abstractions like page-sequence, block, in-line text, page reference,» XSL 1.0 defines 56 FO classes (XSL 1.1 adds 25) formatting properties control the presentation of formatting objects (indents, spacing, fonts, )» 248 formatting properties; many common with CSS2 SDPL : XSL Formatting 5 SDPL : XSL Formatting 6 Formatting Areas and Area Tree Formatting-object object tree interpreted to produce the representation Each FO specifies a part of pagination, layout and styling applied to its content Properties control the formatting of a FO some directly, e.g., color some through constraints, e.g., space- before.minimum and space-before.optimum > final rendering is not unique Formatting generates an area tree consisting of nested rectangular areas inline areas (e.g. glyph areas) within line areas lines within block areas blocks within regions of a page Rendering causes the area tree to appear on a medium areas printed on a sequence of sheets (or displayed as a single scroll in a browser) SDPL : XSL Formatting 7 SDPL : XSL Formatting 8
2 Generating the Area Tree (1/3) Generating the Area Tree (2/3) Formatting a gradual and complex process Conceptual process of XSL formatting: (XSL FO) Element and attribute tree target of transformation, source of formatting consists of element, attribute, and text nodes transformed into a Formatting object tree ( XSL FO Elem&attr tree) consists of formatting objects with properties more detailed: each character its own object SDPL : XSL Formatting 9 SDPL : XSL Formatting 10 Generating the Area Tree (3/3) Properties of the formatting object tree refined into traits (muotoilupiirre, piirre) e.g., by propagating inherited properties, and computing absolute values for relative properties» e.g., properties font-size="12pt" size="12pt", text-indent="2em" become traits font-size="12pt" size="12pt", text-indent="24pt" traits control generation of areas out of formatting objects some traits only available as a result of formatting, e.g., page numbers SDPL : XSL Formatting 11 Benefits and Usage of XSL Powerful selection and manipulation ( ( XSLT) Extended pagination and layout capabilities area model a superset of the CSS2 box model» e.g., different writing directions; footnotes, page number refs. Support of non-western writing directions > distances in terms of before/after (for block-progression progression- direction), and start/end (for inline-progression progression-direction) "XSL most useful to produce tailored, paginated documents on a server, in response to individual customer requests (S. Deach,, XSL 1.0 co-author, Adobe) SDPL : XSL Formatting 12 XSL Area Model Content, Padding and Border Formatting objects generate areas each 0 or more» page breaks > additional block areas» line breaks > additional line areas Each area tree node (except root) associated to a rectangular portion of the output medium An area has a content-rectangle portion for child areas optionally surrounded by a border and padding For CSS- compatibility also margin-top top, -right, -bottom and -left space-start start/end not supported by FOP start- indent space-start start space-before space-after after end-indent space-end end SDPL : XSL Formatting 13 SDPL : XSL Formatting 14 Two area types Formatting objects and properties block-areas generated in block-progression progression-direction (before -> after; ; normally top-to to-bottom) paragraphs and titles normally rendered using fo:block,, which creates block areas line-area a special case: no borders or padding inline-areas generated in inline-progression progression-direction (start -> end; ; normally left-to to-right) characters rendered using fo:character,, which generates glyph-area inline-areas» no child areas, a single glyph image as content SDPL : XSL Formatting 15 XSL 1.0 defines 56 formatting objects page-sequence, simple-page page-master, block, inline, list-block, list-item, item, list-item item-label, list- item-body, external-graphic, basic-link, float, footnote, table, table-row, table-column,... and 248 properties master-reference reference, background-color color,, font-family, family, font-size, space-before, start-indent, end- indent, text-align, text-indent, many common with CSS2 SDPL : XSL Formatting 16
3 Some central formatting objects 1/3 fo:root top node of the formatting object tree a wrapper for all the rest fo:simple-page page-master model of the geometry of pages» region-body (for page content)» region-before (for header), region-after (for footer), region-start and region-end end (for left and right sidebar) Page Regions A simple page can contain regions, specified by child elements of the simple-page page-master SDPL : XSL Formatting 17 SDPL : XSL Formatting 18 Top-level formatting objects Some central formatting objects 2/3 Slightly simplified: fo:root fo:layout-master master-setset fo:page-sequence sequence+ (fo:simple-page-master fo:page-sequence sequence-master)+ contents of pages fo:flow body after? specify masters for page sequences start? by referring to before? simple-page page-masters end? SDPL : XSL Formatting 19 fo:page-sequence specifies the creation of page sequences possibly different page-sequence (and page- sequence-master) for, say, each chapter fo:flow child of a page-sequence Attribute flow-name connects to a region with a matching region-name name > the contents is distributed to that region of pages NB: : There are no page -formatting objects pages created by the formatter SDPL : XSL Formatting 20 Content objects for pages Some block-level level objects Slightly simplified: fo:static-content* content* (repeated on every page) Block-level level object+ fo:page-sequence sequence+ fo:flow (distributed to pages) Block-level level object+ fo:block commonly used for paragraphs, titles, may contain text, other blocks, or» fo:inline (to change properties, e.g., font-style of inline text) fo:table for formatting tabular material fo:list-block to format lists of fo:list-item items s of» fo:list-item item-label and» fo:list-item item-body SDPL : XSL Formatting 21 SDPL : XSL Formatting 22 Hello world result tree as an XSL document Implementations? <fo:root xmlns:fo=" <fo:layout-master- <fo:simple-page-master master-name=" name="page"> <body/> simple layout fo:layout-master- <fo:page-sequence master-reference=" reference="page"> --use 'page' master-- --> <fo:flow flow-name=" name="xsl-region-body"> <Hello Worldblock flow page root fo:root> SDPL : XSL Formatting 23 W3C XSL Rec rather recent (10/01, 12/07) What is the state of implementations? Some promising/interesting ones (2004): XEP by RenderX (XSL-FO to PS/PDF formatter), XSL Formatter by Antenna House» $0 $5,000 (evaluation server versions; April 2004) Adobe Document Server Passive TeX» set of TeX macros to process XSL-FO by Sebastian Rahtz Apache FOP SDPL : XSL Formatting 24
4 Apache FOP FOP 0.93 XSL-FO Compliance FOP (Formatting Objects Processor) by J. Tauber» fop: a man who pays too much attention to his appearance donated to XML Apache project ( /fop/) open-source freeware Java-based XML/XSL-FO to PDF (or PS/SVG/TXT/...) processor Not complete, but implements a useful subset of XSL Implemented formatting objects formatting properties fully 39 (66%) 144 (64%) partially 6 (10%) 19 (8%) 16 of 18 core functions implemented no 14 (24%) 63 (28%) total 59 (incl.. 3 XSL 1.1 bookmark FOs) 226 (non-aural) SDPL : XSL Formatting 25 SDPL : XSL Formatting XSL-FO by Example Example: Page dimensions and margins From J. David Eisenberg: Using XSL Formatting Objects. XML.com, January 17, 2001, (acknowledging the loan of some graphics) XSL FO instance for a handbook of Spanish NB: : XSL FO is not designed to be hand-authored authored Consider this as a machine-generated result (of an XSLT transformation) Overall structure of fo:root: : specification of page masters, followed by the content of the pages SDPL : XSL Formatting 27 <fo:layout-master- <fo: fo:simple-page-master master-name="cover" page-height="12cm" page-width="12cm" margin-top="0.5cm" margin-bottom="0.5cm" margin-left="1cm" margin-right="0.5cm" right="0.5cm" > layout fo:layout-master- plus similar simple-page page-masters with master-name=" name="rightpage" (identical) master-name=" name="leftpage" (left and right margins switched) SDPL : XSL Formatting 28 Intended layout of pages Page regions A simple page can contain regions, specified by child elements of the simple-page page-master Let s refine the page masters with regions SDPL : XSL Formatting 29 SDPL : XSL Formatting 30 Example: Region dimensions Layout of Page Regions <fo:simple-page-master master-name="cover" dimensions and margins as above > <fo: body margin-top="3cm" /> simple <fo:simple-page-master master-name=" name="leftpage" > <fo: body margin-top="1.1cm" margin-bottom="1.1cm" /> <fo: before extent="1cm"/> <fo: after extent="1cm"/> simple and "rightpage" rightpage" similarly --> NB: body uses all space inside page margins > margins of region-body have to accommodate other regions! 3 cm SDPL : XSL Formatting 31 SDPL : XSL Formatting 32
5 Example: Page Sequences Page Sequences Next: masters for sequences of content pages, using the defined simple-page page-masters repeatedly alternate masters for left and right pages: <fo: fo:page-sequence-master master-name="contents"> <fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives> alternatives> <fo:conditional-page-master-reference reference master-reference=" reference="leftpage" odd-or or-even="even"/> <fo:conditional-page-master-reference reference master-reference reference ="rightpage rightpage" odd-or or-even="odd"/> repeatable fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives> alternatives> fo:page-sequence-master> SDPL : XSL Formatting 33 Other attributes of conditional-page page-master- reference to select the page master to be used: page-position="first" position="first"» or "last",, or "rest" (neither first or last), or "any" blank-or or-not-blank="blank"/"not-blank" blank" Next: Specifying the sequences of content pages by naming masters to be used, and connecting content flows s to regions SDPL : XSL Formatting 34 Example: Contents of the Cover Page Example: Cover Page Formatted <fo: fo:page-sequence master-reference="cover"> reference="cover"> <fo: fo:flowflow flow-name=" name="xsl-region-body"> font-size="18pt" text-align="end"> Spanish Review Handbook block font-size="12pt" text-align="end" space-after="36pt">copyright after="36pt">copyright 2001 J. David Eisenbergblock text-align="end"> A Catcode Production block Formatting the first page-sequence gives... SDPL : XSL Formatting 35 SDPL : XSL Formatting 36 Example: Content Pages Example: Content Pages Continue Finally, a page-sequence for content pages with static-content content for the header and footer, and a flow for contents of pages: <fo: fo:page-sequence master-reference="contents" reference="contents" initial-page page-number="2"> Content of page headers: --> <fo: fo:static-contentcontent flow-name=" name="xsl-region-before"> font-size="10pt" text-align=" align="center"> Spanish Review Handbook block fo:static-content> Content for page footers: static-content content is repeated on every page --> <fo: fo:static-contentcontent flow-name=" name="xsl-region-after"> font-size="10pt" text-align=" align="center"> Página <fo:page-number /> block fo:static-content> Finally, specify the content of the page body: SDPL : XSL Formatting 37 SDPL : XSL Formatting 38 Example: Content Pages Continue Example: Content Pages Formatted Assign a flow of blocks s to region-body body: <fo: fo:flowflow flow-name=" name="xsl-region-body"> font-size="14pt"> Watch this space! block normally all content of, say, a chapter would come here --> Formatting and rendering this gives SDPL : XSL Formatting 39 SDPL : XSL Formatting 40
6 Using FOs in Practise Mapping content elements XSL FO instances should not be created manually Instead, use XSLT rules to create formatting objects fo:root with layout masters for match="/" page-sequence sequences s with a flow for major parts (like chapters, or the entire document): match="chapter"> <fo:page-sequence master-reference= reference= > <fo:flow flow-name=" name="xsl-region-body" > flow page SDPL : XSL Formatting 41 content elements would be mapped to blocks, inlines, list-blocks blocks, tables, as appropriate For example, headers: match="header"> font-size="14pt" font-weight="bold" font-family="sans family="sans-serif" serif" color="green" space-before="6pt" space-after="6pt"> after="6pt"> <xsl:apply-templates /> block SDPL : XSL Formatting 42 Examples of mapping content elements Formatting in-line emphasis: match="strong"> <fo:inline font-weight="bold"> inline fo:inline> match="emph emph"> <fo:inline font-style="italic"> inline fo:inline> More in the exercises SDPL : XSL Formatting 43 Summary XSL is a powerful (and complex) style language for XML documents allows arbitrary transformations of input documents allows fine-tuned specification of formatted representation It is a standard! well, almost: a W3C Recommendation emerging implementations seem promising currently used mainly for producing PDF» browser support being expected SDPL : XSL Formatting 44
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