Yet another redirection mechanism for the World-Wide Web?
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1 Yet another redirection mechanism for the World-Wide Web? Aline Baggio Vrije Universiteit Department of Computer Science De Boelelaan 1081a 1081HV Amsterdam The Netherlands baggio/ Abstract Replication in the World-Wide Web covers a wide range of techniques. Often, the redirection of a client browser towards a given replica of a Web page has to be explicit and is performed after the client s request has reached the Web storing the requested page. We believe the redirection has to take place as close to the client as possible and in a fully distributed manner. This paper present a distributed redirection scheme that ensures we find a replica wherever it is stored and that the closest possible replica is always found first. By exploiting locality, we can keep latency low. Applications of such a redirection scheme are found in CDNs (Content Distribution Networks). We are mostly targeting non-commercial CDNs. 1 Introduction Replication in the World-Wide Web encompasses a wide range of techniques, from proxy caches to mirrors and Content Distribution Networks (CDNs). The use of location-dependent URLs does not facilitate transparent access to the replicated Web pages. Instead, it is often necessary to explicitly redirect clients towards a given replica. in the case of proxy caches occurs in an implicit way: each HTTP request is routed through the cache or the hierarchy of caches and, in the best case, the replica of the requested Web page is retrieved directly from the cache storage space. With mirrors or CDNs, the client browser has to be explicitly redirected to a machine which is normally not on the route followed by the request. in these cases is generally achieved in a centralized way. A client is redirected only after its request has reached the home, that is, the host named in the document s URL, which then decides on the replica that should further handle the request. The main disadvantage of centralized redirection mechanisms is the induced latency. We believe that a client request should not go to a page s home to be redirected. The redirection should take place as soon and as close to the client as possible. We have devised a distributed redirection scheme in which the redirection decision can be taken locally at the client machine or, in the worst case, before the HTTP request leaves the client s network. In this paper, we present our design and show how it can be more or less transparently integrated with the current Web. The paper is organized as follow. Section gives a brief overview of the existing redirection methods for the World-Wide Web. Section presents the principle of our distributed redirection scheme. Section discusses the integration of the redirection mechanism in the current Web. Finally, Section concludes and gives some future work directions. PhD thesis submission date: June nd,
2 Alternatives for redirecting clients in the Web in today s World-Wide Web is achieved using mainly application-level redirection or -based redirection. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) can be used to achieve application-level redirection. Whenever a client browser requests a Web page, it contacts the Web named in the URL. Instead of directly sending back the page contents, the Web can decide to redirect the client browser to another. This redirection takes the form of another URL naming the where a replica of the requested page can be found [, ]. The browser has to issue a new HTTP request to fetch the Web page at the replica site. The Domain Name System () can be used for redirection purposes [, ]. -based redirection exploits the fact that a browser needs to resolve the domain name contained in a URL to a network address. Unless the name-to-address mapping is already cached at the client s, the client s request reaches the responsible for the Web s domain (i.e., the authoritative ). As a reply, the authoritative can decide to send any appropriate network address and not only the address of the Web designated in the URL. In particular, the can respond with the address of a Web holding a replica of the Web page. The returned address is cached at the client s. The subsequent requests for this domain are therefore resolved to the replica s network address until the address is flushed from the cache. Each of these Web redirection methods have their own characteristics that make them not entirely satisfactory. Most importantly, with both HTTP- and -based redirection, a large number of requests travels to the side before the redirection takes place. The worst case is HTTP-based redirection where each single request has to be redirected independently of the others. Latency is thus an important disadvantage of HTTP-based redirection []. -based redirection performs better in that respect thanks to its caching mechanisms. However, since subsequent redirections are independent of each other, HTTP-based redirection provides a fine granularity that -based redirection can not achieve. Another disadvantage of HTTP-based redirection is that it does not provide support for redirection transparency. Clients are aware of the redirection since the replica s address is passed to the client. This allows a client to cache and reuse references towards replicas, which may conflict with the redirection policy of the Web. HTTP is, however, widely used for communication between browsers, s and proxy caches []. This makes it attractive with respect to deployment and simplicity of use. A more detailed comparison of redirection mechanisms can be found in [1,,, 6]. Principles of distributed redirection Considering the disadvantages of HTTP-based and -based redirection, we want to devise a redirection method offering a fine granularity in redirection without loss of scalability or transparency. We consider scalability by locality important: a request to look for a replica of a Web page has to avoid traveling a long distance. In addition, the selected replica should remain the nearest possible to the client browser. Consider a non-commercial CDN where the users are sharing computing resources and mostly disk space to replicate their Web pages. An example of such a system is Globule []. The Globe Web page is replicated in this CDN and is referred to as It is available at four Web s: Amsterdam, the home location of the document; Naples; San Francisco and Sydney (see Figure 1). A client browser located in San Diego issues an HTTP request for the page. This request should be redirected so that the client can use the replica of the Web page located in San Francisco. With the current redirection mechanisms, the request travels, in principle, to the home in Amsterdam and only there is it redirected. We can improve locality by using a collection of redirection s installed close to the clients. In our example, the browser s HTTP request is processed first by its local redirection in San Diego.
3 World San Francisco Americas USA San Francisco San Diego Europe The Netherlands Italy Amsterdam Naples Asia-Pacific Australia San Diego USA The Netherlands Amsterdam Americas World Asia-Pacific Europe Italy Sydney Naples with replica Sydney Figure 1: Building a hierarchy of redirection s For preserving locality when looking up replicas, a redirection knows only about pages that are available in its own area. Since the Globe Web page is not replicated locally, the redirection in San Diego itself issues a lookup request to find the page. To keep the communication costs relatively low and to preserve locality, a redirection always tries first to find a requested Web page in its neighboring areas. This is achieved by organizing the collection of redirection s hierarchically. Such an organization is done on a per-page basis and as such it naturally cares for balancing the load on the redirection s. Figure 1 shows the hierarchy for the Globe page. This hierarchy is organized around the Amsterdam redirection which is the home location of the Web page. The hierarchy of redirection s of the Globe page can be shared with other pages whose home Web is in Amsterdam. The lookup request issued by the redirection in San Diego is further treated as follows. It reaches the parent redirection USA. For preserving locality, only leaf s store addresses of replicas. The intermediate US thus does not have an address for the Web page. However, it holds a pointer to the redirection in San Francisco, which is known to have information about a replica of the page (for more information about how these pointers are installed, see [1]). The US further forwards the lookup request to the redirection in San Francisco. San Francisco eventually replies with the address of the Web page completing the lookup request. The client s redirection in San Diego is in charge of actually retrieving the Web page from the San Francisco Web as a Web proxy would do. The San Diego can finally decide to cache the address of the replica for handling subsequent client requests, for example, when downloading the inline images of the document. By contacting its local redirection, a client browser implicitly initiates a lookup for a replica at the lowest level of the redirection service. In the best case, the address of a replica can be found at this (local replica or cached address). If not, the forwarding of the lookup request takes place. Each step up in the hierarchy broadens the search. Having replica lookups always starting locally at the client site and gradually expanding the search area guarantees that the potential local and close-by replicas are found first. This also guarantees us to find a replica wherever it is stored. The forwarding of the requests along the hierarchy allows us to avoid unnecessary communication with parties that are far apart. In addition, by keeping the number of levels in the hierarchy relatively small, we can ensure that we do not introduce too much latency when forwarding the requests. Integrating the redirection service with the existing A client browser interacts with its local redirection to look for replicas of Web pages. We want this interaction to occur as transparently as possible. First, a client should not be aware it is dealing with a replica of the Web page it requested. At no point a client should be able to keep an
4 1 name resolution of HTTP request to supposedly Lookup request in the redirection service HTTP request to the Web hosting the replica HTTP reply with the contents of the page Home Web Amsterdam domain 1 San Diego domain Client browser Web Initial user request for San Francisco domain Figure : Interaction of the distributed redirection components explicit reference towards a replica of a Web page, for example by bookmarking it as it can be the case with HTTP-based redirection. Not preventing this can, first, lead to dangling pointers when the replica is removed. This is unacceptable if the original page is itself still accessible. Second, discovering new replicas closer to the client would require an explicit action from the end user, which is also unsatisfying. This is what we call replication transparency. It is the task of the client s redirection to maintain replication transparency. This is achieved by not displaying the addresses of the replicas to the client browser. The client sees only the home location of a Web page. It has no way of discovering the address of a replica when using the redirection service and of accessing the replica directly. The redirection at the client side thus takes care of fetching the replica for the client and acts as if it were the home Web. Internally, the redirection service translates the home location into a unique identifier and performs the lookup. An identifier is associated with URLs of replicas. At the end of the lookup, the client s redirection returns the page to the browser, referring to it with the home location. Note that no page rewriting is necessary and would even be counter-productive in presence of address caching at the redirection side. Second, a client browser should not be aware its requests are going through a redirection service. The end user should have the least possible to do to take benefit of the redirection service. This makes the deployment and the use of the redirection service at client sites easier. We can achieve this by carefully integrating the components of the redirection service with their environment. This is what we call transparency of use. To satisfy the transparency of use requirement, we decided to integrate our distributed redirection scheme at the level. A distributed redirection has to act as authoritative. Client browsers automatically access the redirection service, being redirected by their authoritative as it is the case with todays -based redirection. Figure shows the message exchanges between the client browser, its authoritative (component of the redirection service) and the local redirection. The client site s s needed for the redirection service can be integrated into a single component. The modified may just be a front-end to the local redirection. The redirection component has therefore to act as (1) a, resolving names; () a Web proxy, receiving client browser HTTP requests and fetching pages from Web s; and () a redirection, performing lookups in the redirection service. We can improve efficiency by relaxing the transparency constraint: we can let the client browser consider the redirection as a Web proxy. The browser proxy configuration has thus to be adjusted accordingly. The browser has only to send HTTP requests to the redirection
5 which performs the subsequent lookup. To preserve transparency, the redirection service could be directly integrated at the router or switch level, as it is the case for transparent caches. It would then intercept TCP traffic for port 80. Finally, to facilitate installation and deployment, we implemented our redirection as a module in the Apache. Apache is a well-known and widely-used Web. It has the advantage of being implemented in a modular way and as such is extendable with new features. Moreover, similar experiments with integrating replication [] or -based redirection [6] features in Apache modules have shown the approach to be feasible. Conclusion The redirection mechanisms used in today s World-Wide Web such as HTTP-based redirection or -based redirection exhibit characteristics that make them not fully satisfactory. The main concern is that with any of these methods, a home-based approach is used. The request of a client is in most cases redirected only after it has reached the Web page home location. Not only does this put load on the home Web and does it generate traffic on the network, but it induces latency that can be perceived by the end user. We devised a scheme where the redirection is fully distributed. An important aspect is that the locality has to be preserved: the redirection decision has to take place as locally to the client as possible and the selected replica of the requested Web page has to remain close to the client. In such a way, we avoid unnecessary communication for both finding a replica and contacting it. Latency is kept as low as possible. Distributed redirection makes use of a world-wide collection of redirection s organized as a collection of trees, one per Web page or group of Web pages from the same leaf domain. Leaf s store addresses of replicas and perform lookup requests on behalf of clients. A redirection supports both and HTTP protocols for interacting with clients, as well as its own protocol for looking up and updating addresses of replicas. Each participating client or site has to run its redirection. The distributed redirection mechanisms have to integrate seamlessly in the current World- Wide Web. A redirection is implemented as an Apache module and used transparently by being configured as an authoritative. We are currently in the process of running simulations and comparing both -based and distributed redirection. Future work encompasses experiments and performance measurements of our redirection scheme as well as the addition of optimizations such as address caching mechanisms. References [1] A. Baggio. Distributed redirection mechanisms for the World-Wide Web. Technical report, Vrije Universiteit, 00. In preparation. [] B. Cain, A. Barbir, F. Douglis, M. Green, M. Hofmann, R. Nair, D. Potter, and O. Spatscheck. Known cn request-routing mechanisms. Internet draft, May 00. [] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. C. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach, and T. Berners-Lee. Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1. RFC 616, June [] G. Pierre and M. van Steen. Globule: a platform for self-replicating web documents. In 6th Int. Conf. on Protocols for Multimedia Systems, pages 1 11, Enschede, The Netherlands, Oct [] M. Rabinovich and O. Spastscheck. Web Caching and Replication. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA., 00. [6] M. Szymaniak. -based client redirector for the Apache HTTP. Master s thesis, Warsaw University and Vrije Universiteit, June 00.
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