Publishing Vocabularies on the Web. Guus Schreiber Antoine Isaac Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

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1 Publishing Vocabularies on the Web Guus Schreiber Antoine Isaac Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

2 Acknowledgements Alistair Miles, Dan Brickley, Mark van Assem, Jan Wielemaker, Bob Wielinga Participants of the W3C Semantic Web Best Practices and the Semantic Web Deployment Working Groups 2

3 Overview Issues in conversion to RDF/OWL Example: Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) Example: WordNet 2.0 Work within the W3C Semantic Web Deployment Working Group SKOS model for thesauri Recipes for Web access to published vocabularies RDFa: embedding RDF metadata in HTML 3

4 Thesauri / vocabularies Controlled vocabularies Thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject heading lists, authority lists Large bodies of knowledge that represent consensus in particular domains Often lots of implicit semantics available Semantic Web Challenge showed that thesauri are important resources for SW applications Representation is typically relational database and/or XML 4

5 Example thesauri Domain-specific vocabularies Medicine: UMLS, SNOMED, MESH, Galen Art history: AAT, ULAN Geography: TGN Food: AgroVoc Libraries: LCSH, DDC, UDC Generic vocabularies Lexical vocabularies: WordNet, FrameNet Currencies, country codes, 5

6 ISO standard for representing thesauri Term Preferred term (USE) Non-preferred term (USED FOR) Hierarchical relation between terms Broader/narrower term (BT/NT) Generic Partitive Association between terms (RT) 6

7 Typical conversion process Two steps Step 1: As is conversion Keep original names/constructs Make implicit semantics explicit (not trivial!) Decisions on whether to keep all information Step 2: adding semantics Separate file(s) Interpretation of thesauri features, e.g. hyponym relation as rdfs:subclassof May require (lots of) additional research 7

8 Example thesaurus: ULAN 300,000 Subject records (artists and art institutions) with biographical information (place/time birth/death) and relations to other artists (student-of, ) Large XML file with all data Basic representation: association links between subjects preferred/non-preferred terms relations between subjects and terms 8

9 9

10 XML fragment of ULAN: links <Associative_Relationships> <Associative_Relationship> <Historic_Flag>NA</Historic_Flag> <Relationship_Type> 1102/student of </Relationship_Type> <Related_Subject_ID> <VP_Subject_ID> </VP_Subject_ID> </Related_Subject_ID> </Associative_Relationship> </Associative_Relationship> 10

11 Conversion issues XML and RDF/OWL are inherently different XML = thesaurus document structure RDF = thesaurus document content Redundant/meaningless information in XML file <Associative_Relationships> <Historic_Flag>NA</Historic_Flag> How to represent student of? Subproperty of Associative_Relationship is probably preferred Needs to be derived from the data; not part of schema 11

12 XML fragment of ULAN: terms <Non-Preferred_Term> <Term_Text>Koning, Philips Aertsz. de</term_text> <Term_ID> </Term_ID> <Display_Order>34</Display_Order> <Vernacular>Vernacular</Vernacular> </Non-Preferred_Term> 12

13 Conversion issues Do we include all information in the conversion? Display order Should each term have a URI? Making language explicit vernacular means the string is written in the original language Multi-linguality is an important issue for thesauri 13

14 14

15 WordNet model Synset Synset a depression forming the ground under a body of water; "he searched for treasure on the ocean bed WordSense 3rd sense of Bed (noun) 5th sense of Bottom (noun) Word 15

16 WordNet: internal representation SynsetID Order LexForm Type SenseNum s( ,1,'bed',n,3,2). s( ,2,'bottom',n,5,1). s( ,1,'bed',n,1,51). g( ,'(a depression forming the ground under a body of water; "he searched for treasure on the ocean bed")'). g( ,'(a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep; "he sat on the edge of the bed"; "the room had only a bed and chair")'). 16

17 WordNet URIs What URIs should be chosen? SynSet, WordSense, Word URI name: ID? => difficult for human interpretation Human-readable concatenation wn:synset-bank-noun-2 synset denoted by second sense of bank wn:wordsense-bank-noun-1 wn:word-bank 17

18 Implicit WordNet semantics The ent operator specifies that the second synset is an entailment of first synset. This relation only holds for verbs. Example: [breathe, inhale] entails [sneeze, exhale] Semantics (OWL statements): Transitive property Inverse property: entailedby Value restrictions for VerbSynset (subclass of Synset) 18

19 Data access Query for WordNet URI returns concept-bounded description 19

20 Overview Issues in conversion to RDF/OWL Example: Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) Example: WordNet 2.0 Work within the W3C Semantic Web Deployment Working Group SKOS model for thesauri Recipes for Web access to published vocabularies RDFa: embedding RDF metadata in HTML 20

21 W3C Semantic Web Deployment Working Group Making vocabularies/thesauri/ontologies available on the Web

22 SWD goals Schema for interoperable RDF/OWL representation of vocabularies SKOS Publication guidelines URI management, representation of versions Embedding RDF in (X)HTML pages RDFa 22

23 23

24 Multi-lingual labels for concepts 24

25 Documenting concepts 25

26 Semantic relation: broader and narrower 26

27 Semantic relations: related 27

28 Collections: role-type trees 28

29 Adding semantics Adding OWL statements skos:related rdf:type owl:symmetricproperty skos:broader owl:inverseof skos:narrower Inference rules Collection membership rule (?s skos:narrower?c) (?c skos:member?t) (?s skos:narrower?t) Interpreting thesaurus relations such as broader as subclassof can be useful but is often imprecise 29

30 SKOS semantics: concepts are not the real things 30

31 Indexing a resource with a SKOS concept 31

32 Semantic alignment links Learning relations between thesauri is important form of additional semantics Example: AAT contains styles; ULAN contains artists, but there is no link Availability of this kind of alignment knowledge is extremely useful Cf. demo s k o s m :n a r r o w M a tc h v o c 1 :a m p h i b i a n s v o c 2 :fr o g Warning: unstable part of SKOS! 32

33 W3C standardization process Input: draft specification Collect use cases Derive requirements Create issues list: requirements that cannot be handled by the draft spec Propose resolutions for issues Get consensus on amended spec Find two independent implementations for each feature in the spec Continuously: ask for public feedback/comments (YES, YOU!) 33

34 34

35 Example use case and requirement 2.3 Use Case #3 Semantic search service across mapped multilingual thesauri in the agriculture domain This application coming from the AIMS project [ ] includes some more specific links [ ] String-to-String relationships Requires: [ ] R-RelationshipsBetweenLabels 35

36 Example issue: relationships between lexical labels R-RelationshipsBetweenLabels Representation of links between labels associated to concepts The SKOS model shall provide means to represent relationships between the terms associated with concepts. Typical examples are [ ] In current SKOS spec labels are represented as literals This is a problem because literals have no URI, so cannot be subject of an RDF property Possible resolutions: Labels/terms as instances of a new class Relaxing constraints on label property 36

37 Example issue: relationships between lexical labels skosext:translation? 37

38 SWD goals Schema for interoperable RDF/OWL representation of vocabularies SKOS Publication guidelines URI management, representation of versions Embedding RDF in (X)HTML pages RDFa 38

39 Recipes for vocabulary URIs Simplified rule: Use hash" variant for vocabularies that are relatively small and require frequent access Use slash variant for large vocabularies, where you do not want always the whole vocabulary to be retrieved 39

40 Data access Query for WordNet URI returns concept-bounded description 40

41 Recipes for serving RDF Persistent URIs and version-specific content HTTP 303 redirection Client asking Client redirected to For more information and other recipes, see: 41

42 SWD goals Schema for interoperable RDF/OWL representation of vocabularies SKOS Publication guidelines URI management, representation of versions Embedding RDF in (X)HTML pages RDFa 42

43 A RDFa sample Regular HTML HTML with RDFa Resulting RDF statements 43

44 Linking to other resources Regular HTML HTML with embedded RDF 44

45 Statements about other resources: photo example 45

46 RDFa demo Having time, feeling lucky and online? Slides 46

47 More information 47

48 Thanks Reminder: we ask for feedback! Questions and comments highly welcome aisaac at few.vu.nl schreiber at cs.vu.nl Continue for demo? 48

49 SKOS Demo: browsing and alignment Feeling lucky and online? Back 49

50 Demo: SKOS, browsing and alignment Subject vocabulary, collection 1 Subjects 50

51 Demo: SKOS, browsing and alignment Hierarchical path from root to selected subject Possible specialization for selected subject 51

52 Demo: SKOS, browsing and alignment Semantic alignment of subjects activated Document from Collection 2 52

53 Demo: SKOS, browsing and alignment Subject from voc2 aligned to voc1:amphibians Back 53

54 RDFa demo: a page with RDFa 54

55 RDFa demo: highlighting RDFa 55

56 RDFa demo: displaying triples Back 56

57 57

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